1、Designation: E 1418 05Standard Test Method forVisible Penetrant Examination Using the Water-WashableProcess1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes procedures for visible liquidpenetrant examination utilizing the water-washable process. Itis
3、 a nondestructive test method for detecting discontinuitiesthat are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, coldshuts, laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks or lack offusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenanceexamination. This test method can be effectively used
4、in theexamination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous andnonferrous, and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed orfully densified ceramics, and certain nonporous plastics, andglass.1.2 This test method also provides the following references:1.2.1 A reference by which visible penetrant ex
5、aminationprocedures using the water-washable process can be reviewedto ascertain their applicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the visible, water-washable liquid penetrant ex-amination of materials and parts. Agreement between the userand
6、 the supplier regarding specific techniques is stronglyrecommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest criteria forevaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted
7、,however, that after indications have been produced, they mustbe interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purposethere must be a separate code, specification, or a specificagreement to define the type, size, location, and orientation ofindications considered acceptable, and those consi
8、dered unac-ceptable.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in brackets are provided forinformation only.1.5 Basis of ApplicationThere are areas in this testmethod that may require agreement between the cognizantengineering organization and the
9、 supplier, or specific directionfrom the cognizant engineering organization. These areas areidentified as follows:1.5.1 Penetrant type, method and sensitivity,1.5.2 Accept/reject criteria,1.5.3 Personnel qualification requirements,1.5.4 Grit blasting,1.5.5 Etching,1.5.6 Indication/discontinuity sizi
10、ng,1.5.7 Total processing time, and1.5.8 Marking of parts.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bil
11、ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D 516 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in WaterD 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-leum Products (Bomb Method)D 1552 Test Method
12、 for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-destructive TestingE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASN
13、T Standards:Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for NondestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and Certification31This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 onLiquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle M
14、ethods.Current edition approved January 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 1418 - 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
15、Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con
16、shohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of NDT Personnel32.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification42.4 AIA Standard:NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest P
17、ersonnel52.5 DoD ContractsUnless otherwise specified, the issue of the documents thatare DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of theDoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Specificationsand Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.6 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict between the text of t
18、his test methodand the references cited herein, the text of this test methodtakes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions relating to liquid penetrant examina-tion that appear in Terminology E 1316, shall apply to theterms used in this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1
19、A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surfacebeing examined and allowed to enter open discontinuities.After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant isremoved with water and the surface is dried prior to theapplication of a developer. A developer is then applied,drawing the entrap
20、ped penetrant out of the discontinuities andstaining the developer. If an aqueous developer is to beemployed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step.After application of the developer, a suitable development timeis allowed to permit the entrapped penetrant to exit from thediscontinuities.
21、 The test surface is then examined visuallyunder adequate illumination to determine the presence orabsence of indications.4.2 The selection of specific water-washable penetrant pro-cess parameters depends upon the nature of the application,conditions under which the examination is to be performed,av
22、ailability of processing equipment, and type of materials toperform the examination. (WarningA controlled method forapplying water and disposing of the water is essential.)4.3 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetrationtime and wash times, are determined by the specific materialsused, th
23、e nature of the part under examination (that is, size,shape, surface condition, alloy) and type of discontinuitiesexpected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the pres-ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-tude of the detected discontinui
24、ties. This test method isnormally used for production examination of large volumes ofparts or structures, where emphasis is on productivity. This testmethod offers a wide latitude in applicability when extensiveand controlled conditions are available.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Visible, Water-Washa
25、ble Liquid Penetrant ExaminationMaterials, consisting of applicable visible penetrants as rec-ommended by the manufacturer, and are classified as Type IIVisible Method AWater-Washable (see Note 1).(WarningWhile approved penetrant materials will not ad-versely affect common metallic materials, some p
26、lastics orrubber may be swollen or stained by certain penetrants.)NOTE 1Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content.6.2 Water-Washable Penetrants, designed to be directlywater-washable from the surface of the part, after a suitablepenetrant dwell time. Because
27、the emulsifier is “built-in” to thewater-washable penetrant, it is extremely important to exerciseproper process control in removing excess penetrant to ensureagainst overwashing. Water-washable penetrants can bewashed out of discontinuities if the washing step is too long ortoo vigorous. Some penet
28、rants are less resistant to overwashingthan others.6.3 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-ties through the blotting action of the applied developer, thusincreasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Severaltypes of
29、 developers are suitable for use in the visible penetrantwater-washable process.6.3.1 Aqueous Developers, normally supplied as dry powderparticles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble) in water.The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in accordancewith the manufacturers recommendatio
30、ns (see 7.1.7.1).(WarningAqueous developers may cause stripping of indi-cations, if not properly applied and controlled. The procedureshould be qualified in accordance with 9.2.)6.3.2 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers, normally supplied assuspensions of developer particles in a volatile solvent carrierand
31、are ready for use as supplied. They are applied to thesurface by spraying after the excess penetrant has beenremoved and the surface has dried. Nonaqueous wet develop-ers form a white coating on the surface of the part when driedand serve as a contrasting background for visible penetrants(see 7.1.7.
32、2). (WarningThis type of developer is intendedfor application by spray only.)6.3.3 Liquid Film Developers, solutions or colloidal suspen-sions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. These developerswill form a transparent or translucent coating on the surface ofthe part. Certain types of film deve
33、lopers will fix indicationsand may be stripped from the part and retained for recordpurposes (see section 7.1.7.3).7. Procedure7.1 The following general procedures applies to the water-washable, visible penetrant examination method (see Fig. 1).4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, D
34、ODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-50985Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.E14180527.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface of the part to be process
35、ed should befrom 40 to 125F 4 to 52C. When it is not practical tocomply with these temperature limitations, the procedure mustbe qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in9.2.7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to PenetrantExaminationSatisfactory results can usually be obtained onsurf
36、aces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forgedconditions (or for ceramics in the densified condition). Whenonly loose surface residuals are present, these may be removedby wiping with a clean lint-free cloth. However, pre-cleaningof metals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphit
37、e,scale, insulating materials, coatings, etc. should be done usingcleaning solvents, vapor degreasing, or chemical removingprocesses. Surface conditioning by grinding, machining, pol-ishing, or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit, and vaporblasting to remove the peened skin, and when penetrantentr
38、apment in surface irregularities might mask the indicationsof unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with theeffectiveness of the examination. For metals unless otherwisespecified, perform etching when evidence exists that previouscleaning, surface treatments, or service usage have prod
39、uced asurface condition that degrades the effectiveness of penetrantexamination. (See Annex A1.1.1.8 in Test Method E 165 forprecautions).NOTE 2When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.(WarningSand or shot blasting may p
40、ossibly close indications andextreme care should be used with grinding and machining operations.)NOTE 3For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation bygrinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is notIncoming PartsPRECLEAN Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash Ac
41、id Etch(See 7.1.3.1)Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.2)DryPENETRANTAPPLICATION(See 7.1.4)Apply Water-WashablePenetrantFINAL RINSE(See 7.1.5) Water WashSpray DipDeveloper(Aqueous)DRY DEVELOP(See 7.1.6) (See 7.1.7)DryDeveloper, Dry,Nonaqueous orLiquid FilmDEVELOP DRY(See 7.1
42、.7) (See 7.1.6)DryEXAMINEVisible (See 7.1.8) ExamineWater Rinse DetergentMechanicalWashPOST CLEAN(See 7.1.10 and Prac-tice E 165, Annexon Post Cleaning.)DryVapor De-greaseSolvent SoakUltrasonicCleanOutgoing PartsFIG. 1 General Procedure Flowsheet for Visible Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Was
43、hable ProcessE1418053recommended because of the potential for damage.7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 PrecleaningThe success of any penetrant exami-nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface anddiscontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid)that might interfere
44、 with the penetrant process. All parts orareas of parts to be examined must be clean and dry before thepenetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as weld,including the heat affected zone is to be examined, remove allcontaminants from the area being examined as defined by thecontracting
45、parties.“ Clean” is intended to mean that thesurface must be free of rust, scale, welding flux, spatter, grease,paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interfere with penetration.All of these contaminants can prevent the penetrant fromentering discontinuities. (See the annex on cleaning of partsan
46、d materials in Test Method E 165 for more detailed cleaningmethods.) (WarningResidues from cleaning processes suchas strong alkalies, pickling solutions, and chromates, in par-ticular, may adversely react with the penetrant and reduce itssensitivity and performance.)7.1.3.2 Drying After CleaningIt i
47、s essential that the sur-faces be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since any liquid residuewill hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying may beaccomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens, withinfrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or by exposure toambient temperature.7.1.4 Penetrant Applica
48、tionsAfter the area to be exam-ined has been cleaned, dried, and is within the specifiedtemperature range, apply the penetrant to the surface to beexamined so that the entire part or area under examination iscompletely covered with penetrant.7.1.4.1 Modes of ApplicationThere are various modes ofeffe
49、ctive application of penetrant such as immersion, brushing,flooding, or spraying. Small parts are quite often placed insuitable baskets and dipped into a tank of penetrant. On largerparts, and those with complex geometries, penetrant can beapplied effectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventionaland electrostatic spray guns are appropriate means of applyingliquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Electrostatic sprayapplication can eliminate excess liquid build-up of penetrant onthe surface, minimize overspray, and minimize the amount ofpenetrant entering holl
