1、Designation: E1418 10Standard Practice forVisible Penetrant Testing Using the Water-WashableProcess1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes procedures for visible liquidpenetrant examination utilizing the water-washable process. Itis a nondestruc
3、tive practice for detecting discontinuities thatare open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts,laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks or lack of fusionand is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance exami-nation. This practice can be effectively used in the examinatio
4、nof nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous,and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densifiedceramics, and certain nonporous plastics, and glass.1.2 This practice also provides the following references:1.2.1 A reference by which visible penetrant examinationprocedures
5、 using the water-washable process can be reviewedto ascertain their applicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the visible, water-washable liquid penetrant ex-amination of materials and parts. Agreement between the userand the supplier regar
6、ding specific techniques is stronglyrecommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria forevaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted,however, that after i
7、ndications have been produced, they mustbe interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purposethere must be a separate code, specification, or a specificagreement to define the type, size, location, and orientation ofindications considered acceptable, and those considered unac-ceptable.1.
8、4 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded asstandard. SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 Basis of ApplicationThere are areas in this practicethat may require agreement between the cognizant engineeringorganization and the supplier, or specific direction from thecog
9、nizant engineering organization. These areas are identifiedas follows:1.5.1 Penetrant type, method and sensitivity,1.5.2 Accept/reject criteria,1.5.3 Personnel qualification requirements,1.5.4 Grit blasting,1.5.5 Etching,1.5.6 Indication/discontinuity sizing,1.5.7 Total processing time, and1.5.8 Mar
10、king of parts.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2
11、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in WaterD808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used PetroleumProducts (Bomb Method)D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature
12、Method)E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Standards:Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for
13、 Nondestructive1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on LiquidPenetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2010. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1991.
14、Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1418 - 05. DOI:10.1520/E1418-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
15、 ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification3ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of NDT Personnel32.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-410 Nondest
16、ructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification42.4 AIA Standard:NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel52.5 DoD ContractsUnless otherwise specified, the issue of the documents thatare DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of theDoDISS (Department of De
17、fense Index of Specificationsand Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.6 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict between the text of this practice andthe references cited herein, the text of this practice takesprecedence.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions relating to liquid pen
18、etrant examina-tion that appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply to the termsused in this practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surfacebeing examined and allowed to enter open discontinuities.After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant isremo
19、ved with water and the surface is dried prior to theapplication of a developer. A developer is then applied,drawing the entrapped penetrant out of the discontinuities andstaining the developer. If an aqueous developer is to beemployed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step.After applicat
20、ion of the developer, a suitable development timeis allowed to permit the entrapped penetrant to exit from thediscontinuities. The test surface is then examined visuallyunder adequate illumination to determine the presence orabsence of indications.4.2 The selection of specific water-washable penetra
21、nt pro-cess parameters depends upon the nature of the application,conditions under which the examination is to be performed,availability of processing equipment, and type of materials toperform the examination. (WarningA controlled method forapplying water and disposing of the water is essential.)4.
22、3 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetrationtime and wash times, are determined by the specific materialsused, the nature of the part under examination (that is, size,shape, surface condition, alloy) and type of discontinuitiesexpected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examina
23、tion methods indicate the pres-ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-tude of the detected discontinuities. This practice is normallyused for production examination of large volumes of parts orstructures, where emphasis is on productivity. This practiceoffers a wide latitude
24、in applicability when extensive andcontrolled conditions are available.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Visible, Water-Washable Liquid Penetrant Testing Ma-terials, consisting of applicable visible penetrants as recom-mended by the manufacturer, and are classified as Type IIVisible Method AWater-Washabl
25、e (see Note 1).(WarningWhile approved penetrant materials will not ad-versely affect common metallic materials, some plastics orrubber may be swollen or stained by certain penetrants.)NOTE 1Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content.6.2 Water-Washable Penetran
26、ts, designed to be directlywater-washable from the surface of the part, after a suitablepenetrant dwell time. Because the emulsifier is “built-in” to thewater-washable penetrant, it is extremely important to exerciseproper process control in removing excess penetrant to ensureagainst overwashing. Wa
27、ter-washable penetrants can bewashed out of discontinuities if the washing step is too long ortoo vigorous. Some penetrants are less resistant to overwashingthan others.6.3 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-ties through the
28、 blotting action of the applied developer, thusincreasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Severaltypes of developers are suitable for use in the visible penetrantwater-washable process.6.3.1 Aqueous Developers, normally supplied as dry powderparticles to be either suspended or dissolved
29、 (soluble) in water.The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in accordancewith the manufacturers recommendations (see 7.1.7.1).(WarningAqueous developers may cause stripping of indi-cations, if not properly applied and controlled. The procedureshould be qualified in accordance with 9.2.)6.3.
30、2 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers, normally supplied assuspensions of developer particles in a volatile solvent carrierand are ready for use as supplied. They are applied to thesurface by spraying after the excess penetrant has beenremoved and the surface has dried. Nonaqueous wet develop-ers form a whit
31、e coating on the surface of the part when driedand serve as a contrasting background for visible penetrants(see 7.1.7.2). (WarningThis type of developer is intendedfor application by spray only.)6.3.3 Liquid Film Developers, solutions or colloidal suspen-sions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier
32、. These developerswill form a transparent or translucent coating on the surface ofthe part. Certain types of film developers will fix indicationsand may be stripped from the part and retained for recordpurposes (see section 7.1.7.3).3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASN
33、T), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-50985Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20
34、005.E1418 1027. Procedure7.1 The following general procedures applies to the water-washable, visible penetrant examination method (see Fig. 1).7.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface of the part to be processed should befrom 40 to 125F (4 to 52C). When it is
35、 not practical tocomply with these temperature limitations, the procedure mustbe qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in9.2.7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to PenetrantExaminationSatisfactory results can usually be obtained onsurfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as
36、-forgedconditions (or for ceramics in the densified condition). Whenonly loose surface residuals are present, these may be removedby wiping with a clean lint-free cloth. However, pre-cleaningof metals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite,scale, insulating materials, coatings, etc. sh
37、ould be done usingcleaning solvents, vapor degreasing, or chemical removingprocesses. Surface conditioning by grinding, machining, pol-ishing, or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit, and vaporblasting to remove the peened skin, and when penetrantentrapment in surface irregularities might mask the
38、indicationsof unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with theeffectiveness of the examination. For metals unless otherwisespecified, perform etching when evidence exists that previouscleaning, surface treatments, or service usage have produced asurface condition that degrades the effect
39、iveness of penetrantexamination. (See Annex A1.1.1.8 in Test Method E165 forprecautions).NOTE 2When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.(WarningSand or shot blasting may possibly close indications andIncoming PartsPRECLE
40、AN Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash Acid Etch(See 7.1.3.1)Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.2)DryPENETRANTAPPLICATION(See 7.1.4)Apply Water-WashablePenetrantFINAL RINSE(See 7.1.5) Water WashSpray DipDeveloper(Aqueous)DRY DEVELOP(See 7.1.6) (See 7.1.7)DryDeveloper,
41、 Dry,Nonaqueous orLiquid FilmDEVELOP DRY(See 7.1.7) (See 7.1.6)DryEXAMINEVisible (See 7.1.8) ExamineWater Rinse DetergentMechanicalWashPOST CLEAN(See 7.1.10 and Prac-tice E165, Annexon Post Cleaning.)DryVapor De-greaseSolvent SoakUltrasonicCleanOutgoing PartsFIG. 1 General Procedure Flowsheet for Vi
42、sible Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable ProcessE1418 103extreme care should be used with grinding and machining operations.)NOTE 3For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation bygrinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is notrecommended because of the p
43、otential for damage.7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 PrecleaningThe success of any penetrant exami-nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface anddiscontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid)that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts orareas of
44、 parts to be examined must be clean and dry before thepenetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as weld,including the heat affected zone is to be examined, remove allcontaminants from the area being examined as defined by thecontracting parties.“ Clean” is intended to mean that thesurf
45、ace must be free of rust, scale, welding flux, spatter, grease,paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interfere with penetration.All of these contaminants can prevent the penetrant fromentering discontinuities. (See the annex on cleaning of partsand materials in Test Method E165 for more detailed
46、 cleaningmethods.) (WarningResidues from cleaning processes suchas strong alkalies, pickling solutions, and chromates, in par-ticular, may adversely react with the penetrant and reduce itssensitivity and performance.)7.1.3.2 Drying After CleaningIt is essential that the sur-faces be thoroughly dry a
47、fter cleaning, since any liquid residuewill hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying may beaccomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens, withinfrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or by exposure toambient temperature.7.1.4 Penetrant ApplicationsAfter the area to be exam-ined has been clean
48、ed, dried, and is within the specifiedtemperature range, apply the penetrant to the surface to beexamined so that the entire part or area under examination iscompletely covered with penetrant.7.1.4.1 Modes of ApplicationThere are various modes ofeffective application of penetrant such as immersion,
49、brushing,flooding, or spraying. Small parts are quite often placed insuitable baskets and dipped into a tank of penetrant. On largerparts, and those with complex geometries, penetrant can beapplied effectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventionaland electrostatic spray guns are appropriate means of applyingliquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Electrostatic sprayapplication can eliminate excess liquid build-up of penetrant onthe surface, minimize overspray, and minimize the amount ofpenetrant entering hollow-cored passages that might serve aspenetrant re
