1、Designation: E 1423 06Standard Practice forDetermining Steady State Thermal Transmittance ofFenestration Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1423; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers standard test specimen sizes andtest conditions as well as the calculation and presentation of
3、 thethermal transmittance and conductance data measured in ac-cordance with Test Method C 1199. The standard sizes andconditions are to be used for fenestration product comparisonpurposes. The specifier may choose other sizes and conditionsfor product development or research purposes.1.2 This practi
4、ce deals with the determination of the thermalproperties of a fenestration system installed vertically withoutthe influences of solar heat gain and air leakage effects.NOTE 1To determine air leakage effects of fenestration systems, TestMethod E 283 or E 1424 should be referenced.NOTE 2See Appendix A
5、ppendix X1 regarding garage doors androlling doors.1.3 This practice specifies the procedure for determining thestandardized thermal transmittance of a fenestration test speci-men using specified values of the room-side and weather-sidesurface heat transfer coefficients, hhand hc, respectively.1.4 T
6、he values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pr
7、iate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC 1199 Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Ther-mal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using H
8、ot BoxMethodsC 1363 Test Method for Thermal Performance of BuildingMaterials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a HotBox ApparatusE 283 Test Method for Determining Rate of Air LeakageThrough Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and DoorsUnder Specified Pressure DifferencesAcross the SpecimenE 631 Termi
9、nology of Building ConstructionsE 783 Test Method for Field Measurement of Air LeakageThrough Installed Exterior Windows and DoorsE 1424 Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leak-age Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and DoorsUnder Specified Pressure and Temperature DifferencesAcross t
10、he Specimen2.2 Other Documents:ANSI/DASMA 105-19983NFRC 102-200243. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions and terms are in accordancewith Terminology E 631 and C 168, from which the followinghave been selected and modified to apply specifically tofenestration systems. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for varia
11、bleidentification. (For further information on definitions andprocedures, see Appendix X2 or Test Method C 1199.)3.1.1 surface heat transfer coeffcient, h (sometimes calledsurface conductance or film coeffcient)the time rate of heatflow from a unit area of a surface to its surroundings, inducedby a
12、unit temperature difference between the surface and theenvironment. Subscripts are used to differentiate betweenroom-side (1orh) and weather-side (2orc) surface heat transfercoefficients (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings an
13、d is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51 on ComponentPerformance of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published October 2006. Originallyap-proved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 1423 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the
14、 ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 1
15、0036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from National Fenestration Rating Council, 1300 Spring Street, Suite500, Silver Spring, MD 20910.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2 thermal transmittance Us(sometimes called over
16、allcoeffcient of heat transfer)the heat transfer in unit timethrough unit area of a test specimen and its boundary air films,induced by unit temperature difference between the environ-ments on each side.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 thermal resistance, RSthe temperature di
17、fferencebetween the environments on the two sides of a body orassembly when a unit heat flow per unit time per unit area isestablished through the body or assembly under steady-stateconditions. It is defined as follows:RS51US(1)where:RS= overall thermal resistance of specimen (air to airunder test c
18、onditions), (m2K)/W (ft2hrF)/Btu).3.2.2 standardized thermal transmittance, USTthe heattransfer in unit time through unit area of a specimen (usingstandardized surface heat transfer coefficients) induced by unittemperature difference between the environments on each side.Test Method C 11993.2.3 surr
19、ound panel (sometimes called the mask, maskwall,orhomogeneous wall)a panel with a homogeneouscore that may be faced with paint, plywood, or plastic in whichthe test specimen is mounted.3.2.4 test specimenthe fenestration system or productbeing tested.3.3 SymbolsThe symbols, terms, and units used in
20、thistest method are as follows:Actotal heat transfer surface area of test specimen onweather side, m2Ahtotal heat transfer surface area of test specimen on roomside, m2Asprojected area of test specimen, (same as open area insurround panel), m2hcsurface heat transfer coefficient, weather side, W/(m2K
21、)hhsurface heat transfer coefficient, room side, W/(m2K)hh+csurface heat transfer coefficient, combined room andweather side, W/(m2K)hSTcstandardized surface heat transfer coefficient, weatherside, W/(m2K)hSThstandardized surface heat transfer coefficient, room side,W/(m2K)RSoverall thermal resistan
22、ce of test specimen (air to airunder test conditions), (m2K)/Wtcaverage temperature of weather side air, Cthaverage temperature of room side air, Ct1average temperature of test specimen, room side surface, Kor Ct2average temperature of test specimen, weather side sur-face, K or CUSthermal transmitta
23、nce of test specimen (air to air undertest conditions), W/(m2K)FIG. 1 Window Mounted Flush with Climate Side of SurroundPanelFIG. 2 Door Mounted Flush with Climate Side of Surround PanelE1423062USTstandardized thermal transmittance of test specimen,W/(m2K)4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice det
24、ails the test specimen sizes and testconditions, namely, the room-side and weather-side air tem-peratures, and the surface heat transfer coefficients for bothsides of the test specimen, when testing fenestration productsin accordance with Test Method C 1199.4.2 The thermal transmittance and conducta
25、nce of a speci-men are affected by its size and three-dimensional geometry.Tests should therefore be conducted using the specimen sizesrecommended in 5.1. Should the specimen size differ fromthose given in 5.1, the actual size shall be reported in the testreport.4.3 Many factors can affect the therm
26、al performance of afenestration system, including deflections of sealed glazingunits. Care should be exercised to maintain the originalphysical condition of the fenestration system and while install-ing it in the surround panel4.4 The thermal transmittance and conductance results ob-tained do not, a
27、nd are not intended, to reflect performancesexpected from field installations since they do not account forsolar radiation and air leakage effects. The thermal transmit-tance and conductance results are taken from specified labora-tory conditions and are to be used only for fenestration productcompa
28、risons and as input to thermal performance analyses thatalso include solar and air leakage effects.5. Test Specimen5.1 Specimen SizesThe specimen sizes given in Table 1for different types of fenestration systems shall be used whentesting fenestration products. For test specimens not manufac-tured at
29、 the exact sizes givn in Table 1, choose the product withdimensions that produces the smallest value of deviation, D,calculated by Eq 2. For non-rectangular products, choose theproduct with an area closest to the area of the product in Table1.D 5 =Wp Wm!21 Hp Hm!2# (2)Where:D = deviation, mm (in.)Wp
30、,Hp= width and height of production size, mm (in.)Wm,Hm= width and height of model size, mm (in.)6. Test Conditions6.1 GeneralA single set of test conditions does notnecessarily define the thermal characteristics of a fenestrationsystem. However, a single set of test conditions is specified topermit
31、 comparison of the thermal transmittance of differentfenestration products. Thermal transmittance values obtainedunder this set of test conditions have been shown to be valid forthe range of weather conditions typical of the North Americanclimate weather-side temperatures between 43 and 30C(110 and
32、22F) and wind speeds up to 6.7 m/s (15 mph).6.2 Test Conditions for U-Values for ComparisonPurposesThe test specimen shall be tested in accordancewith Test Method C 1199. For comparison purposes, thefollowing set of conditions shall be used (see Fig. 1):th5 21.1 6 0.3C 70 6 0.5F! (3)tc5217.8 6 0.3C
33、0 6 0.5F! (4)6.2.1 Room Side (Natural Convection)The air velocityshould be less than 0.3 m/s (60 ft/min). For comparisonpurposes, the standard surface heat transfer coefficient mea-sured on the room side of each calibration transfer standard(CTS) during calibration shall be:hh5 7.7 W/m2K!65%1.36 Btu
34、/hrft2F!65%! (5)allowed CTS calibration range of 7.3 to 8.0 W/m2K!1.2 to 1.3 Btu/hrft2F!#Since this is the natural convection lower limit of the indoorside overall surface heat transfer coefficient, a 65 % variationin this value is allowed to accommodate some forced convec-tion due to small room sid
35、e air circulation fans that provide amore uniform flow distribution on the indoor side of the CTS.NOTE 3Using the 1997 American Society for Heating, Refrigeration,and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Fundamentals Handbook(1)5, Fenestration Chapter 29, Table 3, the indoor side of the overallcombin
36、ed natural convection, radiation heat transfer coefficient for a1.22-m (4-ft) high, 13-mm (0.5-in.) wide cavity, double glazed, lowemittance glazing unit is 6.98 W/(m2K) (1.23 Btu/(hrft2F). For a1.22-m (4-ft) high, 12.7-mm (0.5-in.) thick high density expandedpolystyrene (EPS) foam core CTS with two
37、 4-mm (0.16-in.) glass faces,the indoor side calculated overall combined natural convection, radiationheat transfer coefficient is 7.02 W/(m2K) (1.24 Btu/(hrft2F), using thesame methods and equations that were used to obtain the ASHRAEChapter 27,Table 3 results. Rounding off these two results gives
38、a nominalstandardized surface heat transfer coefficient of 7.0 W/(m2K) (1.23Btu/(hrft2F), which is the below the limit for natural convection for thissize of CTS.6.2.2 Weather-sideFor comparison purposes, the standardsurface heat transfer coefficient measured on the weather sideof each CTS shall be
39、(perpendicular or parallel):hc5 30.0 W/m2K!610 % 5.28 Btu/hrft2F!610 %! (6)allowed CTS calibration range of 26.0 to 29.0 W/m2K!4.6 to 5.1 Btu/hrft2F!#NOTE 4Again, referring to the 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals Hand-book (1), Fenestration Chapter 29, the recommended design value for theweather side overal
40、l combined forced convection, radiation heat transfercoefficient for a nominal 24 km/h (15 mph) wind speed is hc= 29.0W/(m2K) (5.1 Btu/(hrft2F).6.2.3 Combined Room and Weather SideFor comparisonpurposes, the combined standard surface heat transfer coeffi-cient measured simultaneously on both the roo
41、m and weatherside of each calibration transfer standard (CTS) during calibra-tion shall be:hh1c5 6.1 W/m2K! 6 5% 1.08 Btu/hrft2F! 6 5%allowed CTS calibration range of 5.8 to 6.4 W/m2K!5Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tull
42、ie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA30329, http:/www.ashrae.org.E14230631.02 to 1.12 Btu/hrft2F!# (7)where:hh+c= 1/(1hh +1hc)6.2.4 Relative Humidity on the Warm SideCondensationon the test specimen may influence the temperature measure-ments of the surface and shall be avoided. The relativehumidity in the met
43、ering chamber shall be maintained at orbelow 15%.7. Test Specimen Installation and Instrumentation7.1 Test Specimen Installation:7.1.1 Surround PanelA surround panel shall be providedfor installation of the test specimen similar to that shown inFig. 1 and Fig. 2 (see the description in Test Methods
44、C 1199and C 1363).7.1.2 Test SpecimenThe fenestration system to be testedshall be installed in the surround panel as shown in Figs. 1 and2 for windows and doors. That is, the complete assembly,including all frame elements and operating hardware, shall bein place during the test. Accessory interior o
45、r exterior devices,such as trim or insect screens, shall be removed before testing.The test specimen shall be mounted so that it is centered in themetering area of the surround panel, and the frame on the coldside of the fenestration product shall be flush with the weatherside of the surround panel.
46、 The specimen shall be fixedsecurely in a plane parallel to the surround panel surfaces,suitable for any wind loads experienced during testing. Theinstallation shall also allow space to accommodate all sash oroperating members, or both. If the fenestration system does notfill the opening in the surr
47、ound panel completely, the spacebetween the surround panel and the fenestration system shallbe filled with material of similar thermal conductance andthickness to that of the surround panel. Perimeter jointsbetween the specimen and the surround panel shall be sealedon both sides of the wall. In no c
48、ase shall the tape or caulkcover more than 13 mm (0.50 in.) of the test specimen frameor edge.7.1.2.1 Projecting Fenestration ProductsSkylights shallbe tested in a configuration that is as close to the actualinstallation as possible (without integral flashing) with thefollowing conditions:(1) Curb-m
49、ounted skylights that do not have an integralcurb attached shall be installed on a nominal 40 mm 3 90 mm(112 in. 3 312 in.) wood curb made from Douglas fir with noknots.(2) Skylights shall be tested and reported in the verticalorientation.(3) Skylights installed inside the rafter opening that havethe bottom of the curb touching the finish facing material mayextend the surround panel material to the inside of the curb, orthe inside of the finished openin
