1、Designation: E1423 06E1423 14Standard Practice forDetermining Steady State Thermal Transmittance ofFenestration Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1423; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers standard test specimen sizes and test conditions as well as the calculation and presentat
3、ion of thethermal transmittance and conductance data measured in accordance with Test Method C1199. The standard sizes and conditionsare to be used for fenestration product comparison purposes. The specifier may choose other sizes and conditions for productdevelopment or research purposes.1.2 This p
4、ractice deals with the determination of the thermal properties of a fenestration system installed vertically without theinfluences of solar heat gain and air leakage effects.NOTE 1To determine air leakage effects of fenestration systems, Test Method E283 or E1424 should be referenced.NOTE 2See Appen
5、dix Appendix X1 regarding garage doors and rolling doors.1.3 This practice specifies the procedure for determining the standardized thermal transmittance of a fenestration test specimenusing specified values of the room-side and weather-side surface heat transfer coefficients, hh and hc, respectivel
6、y.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establis
7、h appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC1199 Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Usi
8、ng Hot Box MethodsC1363 Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building Materials and EnvelopeAssemblies by Means of a Hot BoxApparatusE283 Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under SpecifiedPressure Differences Across the SpecimenE631 T
9、erminology of Building ConstructionsE783 Test Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage Through Installed Exterior Windows and DoorsE1424 Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors UnderSpecified Pressure and Temperature Differences Acros
10、s the Specimen2.2 Other Documents:ANSI/DASMA 105-1998 33NFRC 102-2002 443. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions and terms are in accordance with Terminology E631 and C168, from which the following havebeen selected and modified to apply specifically to fenestration systems. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 fo
11、r variable identification. (For1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51 on Performance ofWindows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006April 1, 2014. Published O
12、ctober 2006May 2014. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 19992006 asE1423 99.E1423 06. DOI: 10.1520/E1423-06.10.1520/E1423-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM St
13、andardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 Available from National Fenestration Rating Council, 1300 Spring Street, Suit
14、e 500, Silver Spring, MD 20910.Council (NFRC), 6305 Ivy Lane, Suite 140, Greenbelt,MD 20770, http:/www.nfrc.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not b
15、e technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
16、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1further information on definitions and procedures, see Appendix X2 or Test Method C1199.)3.1.1 surface heat transfer coeffcient, h (sometimes called surface conductance or film coeffcient)the time rate of heat flowfrom a unit area of a
17、surface to its surroundings, induced by a unit temperature difference between the surface and the environment.Subscripts are used to differentiate between room-side (1 orh) and weather-side (2 orc) surface heat transfer coefficients (see Fig.1Figs. 1 and 2 and Fig. 2).3.1.2 thermal transmittance Us
18、(sometimes called overall coeffcient of heat transfer)the heat transfer in unit time through unitarea of a test specimen and its boundary air films, induced by unit temperature difference between the environments on each side.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 thermal resistanc
19、e, RSthe temperature difference between the environments on the two sides of a body or assembly whena unit heat flow per unit time per unit area is established through the body or assembly under steady-state conditions. It is definedas follows:RS 5 1US(1)where:RS = overall thermal resistance of spec
20、imen (air to air under test conditions), (m2K)/W (ft2hrF)/Btu).3.2.1 standardized thermal transmittance, USTthe heat transfer in unit time through unit area of a specimen (usingstandardized surface heat transfer coefficients) induced by unit temperature difference between the environments on each si
21、de. TestMethod C11993.2.2 surround panel (sometimes called the mask, mask wall,or homogeneous wall)a panel with a homogeneous core that maybe faced with paint, plywood, or plastic in which the test specimen is mounted.3.2.3 test specimenthe fenestration system or product being tested.3.2.4 thermal r
22、esistance, RSthe temperature difference between the environments on the two sides of a body or assembly whena unit heat flow per unit time per unit area is established through the body or assembly under steady-state conditions. It is definedas follows:RS 5 1US(1)FIG. 1 Window Mounted Flush with Clim
23、ate Side of Surround PanelE1423 142where:RS = overall thermal resistance of specimen (air to air under test conditions), (m2K)/W (ft2hrF)/Btu).3.3 SymbolsThe symbols, terms, and units used in this test method are as follows:Ac total heat transfer surface area of test specimen on weather side, m2Ah t
24、otal heat transfer surface area of test specimen on room side, m2As projected area of test specimen, (same as open area in surround panel), m2hc surface heat transfer coefficient, weather side, W/(m2K)hhsurface heat transfer coefficient, room side, W/(m2K)hh+c surface heat transfer coefficient, comb
25、ined room and weather side, W/(m2K)hSTc standardized surface heat transfer coefficient, weather side, W/(m2K)hSTh standardized surface heat transfer coefficient, room side, W/(m2K)RS overall thermal resistance of test specimen (air to air under test conditions), (m2K)/Wtc average temperature of weat
26、her side air, Cth average temperature of room side air, Ct1 average temperature of test specimen, room side surface, K or Ct2 average temperature of test specimen, weather side surface, K or CUS thermal transmittance of test specimen (air to air under test conditions), W/(m2K)UST standardized therma
27、l transmittance of test specimen, W/(m2K)4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice details the test specimen sizes and test conditions, namely, the room-side and weather-side air temperatures,and the surface heat transfer coefficients for both sides of the test specimen, when testing fenestration pro
28、ducts in accordance withTest Method C1199.FIG. 2 Door Mounted Flush with Climate Side of Surround PanelE1423 1434.2 The thermal transmittance and conductance of a specimen are affected by its size and three-dimensional geometry. Testsshould therefore be conducted using the specimen sizes recommended
29、 in 5.1. Should the specimen size differ from those given in5.1, the actual size shall be reported in the test report.4.3 Many factors can affect the thermal performance of a fenestration system, including deflections of sealed glazing units. Careshould be exercised to maintain the original physical
30、 condition of the fenestration system and while installing it in the surroundpanelpanel.4.4 The thermal transmittance and conductance results obtained do not, and are not intended, to reflect performances expectedfrom field installations since they do not account for solar radiation and air leakage
31、effects. The thermal transmittance andconductance results are taken from specified laboratory conditions and are to be used only for fenestration product comparisonsand as input to thermal performance analyses that also include solar and air leakage effects.5. Test Specimen5.1 Specimen SizesThe spec
32、imen sizes given in Table 1 for different types of fenestration systems shall be used when testingfenestration products. For test specimens not manufactured at the exact sizes givngiven in Table 1, choose the product withdimensions that produces the smallest value of deviation, D, calculated by Eq 2
33、. For non-rectangular products, choose the productwith an area closest to the area of the product in Table 1.D 5=Wp 2Wm!21Hp 2Hm!2# (2)Where:where:D = deviation, mm (in.)Wp, Hp = width and height of production size, mm (in.)Wm, Hm = width and height of model size, mm (in.)6. Test Conditions6.1 Gener
34、alA single set of test conditions does not necessarily define the thermal characteristics of a fenestration system.However, a single set of test conditions is specified to permit comparison of the thermal transmittance of different fenestrationproducts. Thermal transmittance values obtained under th
35、is set of test conditions have been shown to be valid for the range ofweather conditions typical of the NorthAmerican climate weather-side temperatures between 43 and 30C (110 and 22F) andwind speeds up to 6.7 m/s (15 mph).TABLE 1 Specimen Size DimensionsAWindow Type Configuration Test Specimen Mode
36、l Size, mm. (in.)BI - Window AssembliesVertical slider XO or XX 1200 1500 (47 59)Horizontal slider XO or XX 1500 1200 (59 47)Casement - Double XX 1200 1550 (47 59)Casement - Single X 1200 1500 (47 59)Casement - Single X 1200 1500 (47 59)Projecting (Awning - Double) XX 1500 1200 (59 47)Projected (Awn
37、ing - Single) X 1500 600 (59 24)Projected (Awning - Single) X 1500 600 (59 24)Fixed (includes non-standard shapes) O 1200 1500 (47 59)Sloped Glazing OO 2000 2000 (79 79)Skylights/roof window X 1200 1200 (47 47)Greenhouse/Garden X 1500 1200 (59 47)Dual Action X 1200 1500 (47 59)Pivoted X 1200 1500 (4
38、7 59)Pivoted X 1200 1500 (47 59)Sidelites X 600 1200 (24 79)Transoms X 1200 600 (79 24)Basement O Rated at the appropriate product typeBay or Bow Rated at the appropriate product typeComposite - Fixed beside operable 1200 1500 (47 59)Composite - Fixed over operable 1200 1500 (47 59)Hinged Escape X 1
39、500 1200 (59 47)Jal/Jal Awning X 1200 1500 (47 59)Tropical Awning X 1500 1200 (59 47)II - Door AssembliesSwinging door(s) with frame X, OX or XX 1000 2000 (39 82)Bor 2000 2000 (79 79)CSliding Patio doors with frame XO or XX 2000 2000 (79 79)A Select size type based on the manufacturers average stand
40、ard size and intended use of the product.B Typical of a single door.C Typical of a double door.E1423 1446.2 Test Conditions for U-Values for Comparison PurposesThe test specimen shall be tested in accordance with Test MethodC1199. For comparison purposes, the following set of conditions shall be use
41、d (see Fig. 1):th 521.160.3C 7060.5F! (3)th 521.0C60.3C 69.8F60.5F! (3)tc 5217.860.3C 060.5F! (4)tc 5218.0C60.3C 20.40F60.5F! (4)6.2.1 Room Side (Natural Convection)The air velocity should be less than 0.3 m/s (60 ft/min). For comparison purposes, thestandard surface heat transfer coefficient measur
42、ed on the room side of each calibration transfer standard (CTS) during calibrationshall be:hh 57.7 W/m2K!65%1.36 Btu/hrft2F!65%! (5)allowed CTS calibration range of 7.3 to 8.0 W/m2K!1.2 to 1.3 Btu/hrft2F!#hSTc 57.67 W/m2K65% 1.35 Btu/hrft2F65%! (5)Allowed CTS calibration range of:7.29 to 8.05 W/m2K
43、1.28 to 1.42 Btu/hrft2F!Since this is the natural convection lower limit of the indoor side overall surface heat transfer coefficient, a 65 % variation inthis value is allowed to accommodate some forced convection due to small room side air circulation fans that provide a moreuniform flow distributi
44、on on the indoor side of the CTS.NOTE 3Using the 1997 American Society for Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Fundamentals Handbook (1)(1),5,Fenestration Chapter 29, Table 3, the indoor side of the overall combined natural convection, radiation heat transfer coefficient
45、for a 1.22-m (4-ft) high,13-mm (0.5-in.) wide cavity, double glazed, low emittance glazing unit is 6.98W/(m2K) (1.23 Btu/(hrft2F). For a 1.22-m (4-ft) high, 12.7-mm (0.5-in.)thick high density expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam core CTS with two 4-mm (0.16-in.) glass faces, the indoor side calculated o
46、verall combined naturalconvection, radiation heat transfer coefficient is 7.02 W/(m2K) (1.24 Btu/(hrft2F), using the same methods and equations that were used to obtain theASHRAE Chapter 27, Table 3 results. Rounding off these two results gives a nominal standardized surface heat transfer coefficien
47、t of 7.0 W/(m2K) (1.23Btu/(hrft2F), which is the below the limit for natural convection for this size of CTS.6.2.2 Weather-sideFor comparison purposes, the standard surface heat transfer coefficient measured on the weather side ofeach CTS shall be (perpendicular or parallel):hc 530.0 W/m2K!610%5.28
48、Btu/hrft2F!610%! (6)allowed CTS calibration range of 26.0 to 29.0 W/m2K!4.6 to 5.1 Btu/hrft2F!#hSTc 530.0 W/m2K610% 5.28 Btu/hrft2F610%! (6)Allowed CTS calibration range of:27.0 to 33.0 W/m2K 4.75 to 5.81 Btu/hrft2F!NOTE 4Again, referring to the 1997ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (1), Fenestration Cha
49、pter 29, the recommended design value for the weatherside overall combined forced convection, radiation heat transfer coefficient for a nominal 24 km/h (15 mph) wind speed is hc = 29.0 W/(m2K) (5.1Btu/(hrft2F).6.2.3 Combined Room and Weather SideFor comparison purposes, the combined standard surface heat transfer coefficientmeasured s
