1、Designation: E1444/E1444M 11Standard Practice forMagnetic Particle Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1444/E1444M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements formagnetic particl
3、e testing used for the detection of surface orslightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material.Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as atutorial.NOTE 1This Practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detectcracks, laps, seams, i
4、nclusions, and other discontinuities on ornear the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particletesting may be applied to raw material, billets, finished andsemi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magneticparticle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metalsand alloys
5、such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1for additional information.1.3 All areas of this Practice may be open to agreementbetween the Cognizant Engineering Organization and thesupplier, or specific direction from the Cognizant EngineeringOrganization.1.4 This standard is a combined stand
6、ard, an ASTM stan-dard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units areincluded in the same standard, with each system of units to beregarded separately as standard.1.4.1 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated
7、in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
8、It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents form a part of this standardpractice to the extent specified herein.2.
9、2 ASTM Standards:2A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examinationof Steel ForgingsA456/A456M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examina-tion of Large Crankshaft ForgingsE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle TestingE1316 Terminology
10、for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sourcesand Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and MagneticParticle Methods2.3 ASNT Documents:3SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice No. “Personnel Quali-fication and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standar
11、d for Qualification and Certi-fication of NDT Personnel2.4 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)-AMS Docu-ments:4,5AMS 2641 Magnetic Particle Inspection VehicleAMS 3040 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, DryMethodAMS 3041 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, WetMethod, Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-UseAMS 3
12、042 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, WetMethod, Dry PowderAMS 3043 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, WetMethod, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liqui
13、dPenetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1444 - 01. DOI:10.1520/E1444_E1444M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM
14、 Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org
15、.4Copies of standards, specifications, drawings, and publications required bymanufacturers in connection with specification acquisition should be obtained fromthe contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.5Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,
16、PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.AMS 3044 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,Dry PowderAMS 3045 Magnetic Parti
17、cles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-UseAMS 3046 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged5AMS 5062 Steel, Low Carbon Bars, Forgings, Tubing,Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.25 Carbon, MaximumAMS 5355 Investment CastingsAMS I-83387 Inspection Process, Magnetic
18、 RubberAMS 2175 Castings, Classification and Inspection ofAS 4792 Water Conditioning Agents for Aqueous MagneticParticle InspectionAS 5282 Tool Steel Ring Standard for Magnetic ParticleInspectionAS 5371 Reference Standards Notched Shims for MagneticParticle Inspection2.5 Federal Standards:4,6FED-STD
19、-313 Material Safety Data Sheets, Preparationand the Submission ofFED-STD-595 Colors2.6 Military Standards:4,6MIL-STD 45562A Calibration Systems RequirementsA-A-59230 Fluid, Magnetic Particle Inspection, Suspension2.7 OSHA Document:729 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication2.8 ANSI Document:4,8ANSI/NCSL
20、 Z 540-1 General Requirement for CalibrationLaboratories and Measuring Test Equipment2.9 ISO Document:ISO 10012-1 Measurement Management SystemsRequirements for Measurement Processes and MeasuringEquipment92.10 AIA Document:NAS 410 NAS Certification and Qualification of Nonde-structive Test Personne
21、l102.11 DoD ContractsUnless otherwise specified, the edi-tions of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed inthe issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index ofSpecifications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.12 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict betweenthe text of t
22、his practice and the referenced documents citedherein, the text of this practice takes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions relating to magnetic par-ticle testing, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall applyto the terms used in this practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 Descripti
23、on of ProcessMagnetic particle testing con-sists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitablyprepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, andsubsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particleaccumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the dis-continuity is
24、 positioned on the surface and perpendicular to themagnetic flux.4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for con-trolling the application of the magnetic particle testing method.This practice is written so that it can be specified on theengineering drawing, specification, or contract. It
25、is not adetailed how-to procedure to be used by the examinationpersonnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailedwritten procedure that conforms to the requirements of thispractice.5. General Practice5.1 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing exami-nations in accordance with this prac
26、tice shall be qualified andcertified in accordance withASNT Recommended Practice No.SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT Standard CP-189, NAS 410,orasspecified in the contract or purchase order.5.2 Agency QualificationIf specified in the contractualagreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated asdescribe
27、d in E543. The applicable edition of E543 shall bespecified in the contractual agreement.5.3 Written ProcedureMagnetic particle testing shall beperformed in accordance with a written procedure applicable tothe part or group of parts under examination. The procedureshall be in accordance with the req
28、uirements of this Practice.The process, when conducted in accordance with the writtenprocedure, shall be capable of detecting discontinuities speci-fied in the acceptance criteria. The written procedure may begeneral if it clearly applies to all of the specified parts beingexamined and meets the req
29、uirements of this practice. Allwritten procedures, including technique sheets for specificparts, shall be approved by an individual qualified and certifiedat Level III for magnetic particle testing in accordance with therequirements of 5.1. Procedures shall be submitted to theCognizant Engineering O
30、rganization for review, or approval,or both, when requested.5.3.1 Elements of the Written ProcedureThe written pro-cedure shall include at least the following elements, eitherdirectly or by reference to the applicable documents:5.3.1.1 Procedure identification number and the date it waswritten;5.3.1
31、.2 Identification of the part(s) to which the procedureapplies; this shall include the material, or alloy, or both;5.3.1.3 For new components, sequence of magnetic particletesting as related to manufacturing process operation (forexample, post plating, after heat treat, etc.);5.3.1.4 Identification
32、of test parts used for system perfor-mance verification (see 7.1.1 and 7.1.2);6Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.7Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Do
33、cuments,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.8Available from National Conference of Standards Laboratories, 1800 30th St.Suite 305b, Boulder, CO. 80301.9Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP
34、56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.10Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.E1444/E1444M 1125.3.1.5 Process controls (see Table 1);5.3.1.6 Areas of the part to be examin
35、ed;5.3.1.7 Part preparation required before examination;5.3.1.8 Directions for positioning the item with respect tothe magnetizing equipment;5.3.1.9 The type of magnetizing current and the equipmentto be used;5.3.1.10 Method of establishing the magnetization (head,coil, prods, yoke, cable wrap, etc.
36、);5.3.1.11 Directions of magnetization to be used, the order inwhich they are applied, and any demagnetization procedures tobe used between shots;5.3.1.12 The current level, or the number of ampere turns, tobe used and the duration of its application;5.3.1.13 Type of magnetic particle material (dry
37、or wet,visible or fluorescent, etc.) to be used and the method andequipment to be used for its application and, for the case of wetparticles, the particle concentration limits;5.3.1.14 Type of records and method of marking parts afterexamination;5.3.1.15 Acceptance requirements, to be used for evalu
38、atingindications and disposition of parts after evaluation; and5.3.1.16 Post-examination demagnetization and cleaning re-quirements.5.4 Examination SequencePerform magnetic particle ex-amination after all operations which might cause or revealdiscontinuities. Such operations include, but are not lim
39、ited to,forging, heat treating, electroplating, forming, welding, grind-ing, straightening, machining, and proof loading.5.4.1 Perform magnetic particle examination prior to shotpeening (to provide a beneficial compressive layer) and prior toapplying protective finishes such as priming, painting, pl
40、ating(see 5.4.3 through 5.4.3.5) or other coatings.5.4.2 In-process examinations may not be substituted forfinal examination.5.4.3 Plating and CoatingsExamine parts which willreceive either a plating or coating as follows:5.4.3.1 Examination is required prior to all non-electroplated coatings.5.4.3.
41、2 Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thicknessof 0.0008 in. 0.02 mm or less shall be examined either beforeor after electroplating, or grinding, or both, of electroplatedsurfaces.5.4.3.3 Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thicknessof between 0.0008 in. 0.02 mm and 0.0050 in. 0.13 m
42、mshall be examined both before and after electroplating, orgrinding, or both, of electroplated surfaces.(1) Electroplated surfaces with a final plating thickness of0.0050 in. 0.13 mm or greater shall be examined beforeelectroplating, or grinding, or both, of electroplated surfaces.(2) Magnetic parti
43、cle examination after electroplating isnot required for steels with a tensile strength less than or equalto 160 ksi.5.4.3.4 Use caution when examining parts with an electro-plated nickel coating as indications may form from theresulting leakage fields within the nickel plating itself.5.4.3.5 For in-
44、service examination, plating or coatings donot require removal prior to examination unless they aredamaged, or they interfere with the examination process.5.5 Materials:5.5.1 Dry Particle RequirementsDry particles shall meetthe requirements of AMS 3040.5.5.2 Wet Particle RequirementsWet particles sh
45、all meetthe requirements of AMS 3041, 3042, 3043, 3044, 3045, or3046, as applicable.5.5.3 Suspension VehiclesThe suspension vehicle for thewet method shall be a light petroleum distillate conforming toAMS 2641 (Type I) or A-A-59230, or a suitably conditionedwater that conforms to the requirements of
46、 5.5.4. Whenapproved by the contracting agency, AMS 2641 (Type II) maybe used. When specified, the oil suspension vehicle shall meetthe salient characteristics specified in A-A-59230.5.5.4 Conditioned Water VehicleWhen water is used as asuspension vehicle for magnetic particles, the conditioningagen
47、ts used shall comply with AS 4792. Proper wetting shallbe determined by a water break test (see 7.2.2). Smoothersurfaces generally require a greater percent of wetting agentthan rough surfaces. Foaming of the bath must be minimized tothe point that it does not interfere with the examinationprocess.5
48、.5.4.1 Water Vehicle Conditioning AgentsAny agentsadded to the water vehicle for any purpose shall conform to therequirements of the particle manufacturer.5.5.5 Particle ConcentrationThe concentration of par-ticles in the suspension bath shall be as specified in the writtenprocedure. Particle concen
49、trations outside of the range of 0.1 to0.4 mL in a 100-mL bath sample for fluorescent particles and1.2 to 2.4 mL in a 100 mL sample for nonfluorescent particlesshall not be used. Fluorescent particles and nonfluorescentparticles shall not be used together.5.6 SafetyThe safe handling of magnetic particles (wet ordry), oil vehicles, water baths, and water conditioner concen-trates are governed by the suppliers Material Safety DataSheets (MSDS). Material Safety Data Sheets, conforming to 29TABLE 1 Required Verification IntervalsItem Maximum TimeBetween
