1、Designation: E1494 12An American National StandardStandard Practice forEncapsulation Testing of Friable Asbestos-ContainingSurfacing Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers encapsulants intended to reduce oreliminate the release of asbesto
3、s fibers from a matrix of friablespray- or trowel-applied asbestos-containing surfacing mate-rial.1.2 This practice includes a series of determinations to beconducted in the field on asbestos abatement projects for whichencapsulation is being considered or has been performed.1.3 This practice is to
4、be used to determine the appropriate-ness of encapsulation as an abatement measure in accordancewith Practice E1368, as part of a Project Design Survey inaccordance with Practice E2356, and to demonstrate complete-ness of abatement in accordance with Practice E1368. Perfor-mance of the encapsulated
5、surfacing material for other pur-poses is not within the scope of this practice. Use Test MethodsE84, E119, and E605 to determine other properties of thematerial.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard
6、does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 WarningAsbestos fibers are ac
7、knowledged carcino-gens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of thelungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.2Precautions in this standard practice should be taken to avoidcreating and breathing airborne particles from materials knownor suspected to contain asbestos. See
8、2.3 for regulatoryrequirements addressing asbestos.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE605 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of SprayedFire-Resis
9、tive Material (SFRM) Applied to StructuralMembersE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE736 Test Method for Cohesion/Adhesion of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Materials Applied to Structural MembersE1368 Practice for Visual Inspection of Asbestos Abate-ment ProjectsE2356 Practice for Comprehensive Buil
10、ding Asbestos Sur-veys2.2 Other Standards:1-GP-205M2003 Sealer for Application to Asbestos-FiberReleasing Materials42.3 EPA and OSHA Regulations:40 CFR Part 763 Subpart E, Appendix C (Model Accredi-tation Plan) Environmental Protection Agency, February3, 1994529 CFR1926.1101 Occupational Exposure to
11、 Asbestos(Construction Industry Standard), Occupational Safety1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM E06 on Performance ofBuildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.24 on BuildingPreservation and Rehabilitation Technology.Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Publishe
12、d July 2012. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E1494 92 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/E1494-12.2“Elimination of Asbestos-Related Diseases,” World Health Organization, Sep-tember 2006.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custom
13、er Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB), Place du PortageIII, 6B1 11 Laurier Street Gatineau, QuebecK1A 1G6 Canada, http:/www.tpsgc-pwgs
14、c.gc.ca/cgsb.5Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ArielRios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, http:/www.epa.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and Health Adminis
15、tration, August 10, 199463. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of building terms, refer toTerminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bridging encapsulant, nan encapsulant that forms adiscrete layer on the surface of an in situ asbestos matrix.3.2.2 encapsulant,
16、nfor friable asbestos-containing build-ing materials, a water insoluble material that surrounds orembeds asbestos in an adhesive matrix to prevent release offibers.3.2.3 encapsulation, nthe process of applying an encap-sulant.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe terms encapsulation and encapsu-lant are frequently
17、used to describe the post-removal operationon abatement projects to inhibit the release of fibers from anabated surface. Although the material used for this purposemay be an encapsulant as defined herein, the proper terms aresealer and lock-down. See Practice E1368.3.2.4 disturbance, nactivities tha
18、t disrupt the matrix ofasbestos-containing materials, crumble or pulverize asbestos-containing materials, or generate visible debris from asbestos-containing materials.3.2.5 load, nforce per unit area (kPa or lbf/ft2) applied tothe matrix of the surfacing material, with the area equal to thatof the
19、interface between the material and the disc or lid holdingthe adhesive.3.2.6 penetrating encapsulant, nan encapsulant that isabsorbed by an in situ asbestos matrix without leaving adiscrete surface layer.3.2.7 substrate, na structural or architectural buildingcomponent to which a surfacing material
20、is applied.3.2.8 surfacing material, nmaterial that is sprayed,troweled-on, or otherwise applied to interior and exteriorstructural and architectural surfaces, including but not limitedto fireproofing, plaster, and sound-proofing.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide
21、test methodsand performance criteria involving encapsulants for surfacingmaterial on an asbestos abatement project in accordance withPractice E1368, including the application of encapsulants tothe surfacing material as an abatement measure and theremoval of existing encapsulated surfacing material.4
22、.1.1 Abatement projects involving application of encapsu-lants require coverage, penetration and cohesion/adhesion teststo determine encapsulation requirements during project design,on test patches and at conclusion of the project to determinecompleteness of abatement.4.1.2 Removal projects requires
23、 penetration tests duringproject design on test patches to determine thicknesses ofencapsulated and un-encapsulated surfacing material.4.2 The test methods and performance criteria described inthis practice may also be used during a Project Design Surveyin accordance with Practice E2356 to provide i
24、nformation forpreparing the plans and specifications for applying or removingthe encapsulated surfacing material.4.3 Asbestos-containing surfacing materials installed inbuildings may include fireproofing, acoustical and decorativeplaster, and soundproofing. Properties not directly addressed inthis p
25、ractice may be important and appropriate test methodsshould be considered. See Test Methods E84, E119, and E605,and 1-GP-205M2003.4.4 The test methods described in this practice are designedto (1) determine the depth of penetration, or lack thereof, of theencapsulant into the matrix of the surfacing
26、 material, (2)determine the coverage of the encapsulant on the surfacingmaterial, and (3) to determine the adhesive and cohesiveproperties of the encapsulated surfacing material.4.5 Compliance with the acceptance criteria in this practiceand with referenced specifications does not guarantee that the
27、abatement project will pass the visual inspection for complete-ness of clean-up in Practice E1368, or that the project will passfinal air sampling for clearance, as other factors besidesencapsulant performance affect these outcomes.5. Qualifications5.1 The test methods in this practice require distu
28、rbance ofasbestos-containing materials. Activities that disturb asbestos-containing materials are subject to regulations of the Occupa-tional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Environ-mental Protection Agency (EPA) and other jurisdictionsincluding certain state agencies.5.2 The test metho
29、d described inAnnexA1 to determine theadhesive and cohesive properties of encapsulated surfacingmaterial can result in a release of asbestos-containing debris.Persons conducting this test must have the appropriate creden-tials and training to clean up the debris.5.3 The test method described in Anne
30、x A2 to determinedepth of penetration requires taking core samples of theencapsulated surfacing material. This activity requires accredi-tation as an asbestos inspector according to the EPA ModelAccreditation Plan.6. Cohesion/Adhesion Tests6.1 Tests On Encapsulated Surfacing Materials:6.1.1 The cohe
31、sion/adhesion test shall determine whetherthe encapsulant adversely affects the in situ cohesive andadhesive strength of the friable asbestos-containing surfacingmaterial and shall be in accordance with Annex A1.6.1.2 The load required to cause adhesion or cohesionfailure of the encapsulated matrix
32、shall not be less than the loadrequired to cause failure of the unencapsulated matrix. In nocase shall the load-holding capabilities of the unencapsulatedmatrix be less than the load imposed by the applied encapsu-lation materials.6.1.3 The load required to cause adhesion or cohesionfailure of the e
33、ncapsulated matrix shall not be less than the loadrequired to cause failure of the unencapsulated matrix, and inno case shall the load be less than 2.4 kPa (50 lbf/ft2).6.1.4 Internal failure of the encapsulated matrix is due tohorizontal delamination within the encapsulated or un-encapsulated mater
34、ial, separation at the interface between the6Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov.E1494 122encapsulated and un-encapsulated materials, or separation atthe interface between the un-encapsulated material
35、 and thesubstrate. Shear forces across a vertical cylindrical surfaceequal to the diameter of the disc or lid times the thickness ofthe material from the exposed surface to the plane of delami-nation act to resist failure but are not considered in thecalculation of loads.6.2 Tests On Un-Encapsulated
36、 Surfacing Materials:6.2.1 The cohesion/adhesion test shall determine the in situcohesive and adhesive strength of the friable asbestos-containing surfacing material and shall be in accordance withAnnex A1.6.2.2 The load required to cause adhesion or cohesionfailure of the matrix shall not be less t
37、han the manufacturersspecification for the surfacing material.6.2.3 Internal failure of the matrix is due to horizontaldelamination within the material or separation at the interfacebetween the material and the substrate. Shear forces across avertical cylindrical surface equal to the diameter of the
38、 disc orlid times the thickness of the material from the exposed surfaceto the plane of delamination act to resist failure but are notconsidered in the calculation of loads.7. Coverage and Penetration Tests7.1 Coverage RateThe coverage rate for encapsulantsused on surfacing material shall be at the
39、level required by thematrix system field installation, as established by spraying atest area (test patch) using the specified encapsulant.7.1.1 For penetrating encapsulants, the coverage rate toachieve encapsulation is the saturation (maximum) coveragerate for the particular asbestos-containing mate
40、rial. Saturationis achieved when no further absorption of the encapsulant intothe matrix is observed. Coverage shall be reported as liquidvolume applied per unit area.7.1.2 For bridging encapsulants, the coverage rate toachieve encapsulation occurs when a void-free uniform coatingis formed over the
41、surface of the matrix. Application quantitymust be sufficient to achieve the manufacturers minimumdry-thickness requirements. Coverage shall be reported asliquid volume per unit area.7.2 Penetration Depth:7.2.1 The penetration test values shall determine whether ornot the encapsulant shall be classi
42、fied as a penetrating encap-sulant or bridging encapsulant, in accordance with the testmethod in Annex A2. Encapsulation coverage rate used toprepare specimens for testing shall be the saturation (maxi-mum) coverage rate as determined in 7.1.7.2.2 If penetration to a depth of 10 mm (38 in.) of thema
43、trix occurs, the product is classified as a penetratingencapsulant. Products having lesser penetrations are classifiedas bridging encapsulants. Differing fibrous matrices as installedin the field may affect the penetration rate.8. Keywords8.1 asbestos; bridging encapsulant; encapsulant; penetratinge
44、ncapsulantANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. TEST METHOD TO DETERMINE THE COHESION/ADHESION PROPERTIES OF FRIABLE SPRAY- OR TROWEL-APPLIED ASBESTOS-CONTAINING SURFACING MATERIALSA1.1 ScopeA1.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determiningthe cohesion/adhesion strength of friable spray- or tro
45、wel-applied surfacing materials by the application of a forceperpendicular to the surface. This test method is applicable toboth encapsulated and unencapsulated surfacing materials.NOTE A1.1This Annex A1 is based on Test Method E736.A1.2 Summary of Test MethodA1.2.1 The property of cohesive/adhesive
46、 strength is deter-mined using a disc or lid attached to the material with anadhesive. A spring-loaded scale or weights are suspended fromthe disc or lid with a hook to allow manual application ofincreasing force until cohesive/adhesive failure occurs or apredetermined load is reached.NOTE A1.2The l
47、id can be an ordinary jar lid. The disc can be theremovable insert from a two-piece canning jar lid.A1.2.2 This test method is intended for surfacing materialsapplied to horizontal surfaces such as ceilings, decks andbottoms flanges of beams. It may be used on vertical surfaceswith modifications to
48、the testing apparatus that are beyond thescope of this method.A1.3 Significance and UseA1.3.1 This test method measures the load required toseparate either untreated or encapsulated material from thesubstrate, as well as the internal cohesive strength of thematerial, and is an indication of the abil
49、ity of the material toremain in place and resist separation during anticipated serviceconditions.A1.3.2 Unless the presence or absence of asbestos in thesurfacing material has previously been established, collect bulksamples and analyze them according to Practice E2356.Ifthesurfacing material does not contain asbestos, the precautionsfor exposure to asbestos fibers may be dispensed with.E1494 123A1.4 Health and Safety HazardsA1.4.1 This test method may require contact with, andresult in disturbance of, friable asbestos-containing material.Persons conducting the
