1、Designation: E1497 05 (Reapproved 2011)An American National StandardStandard Practice forSelection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight OilMetal Removal Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforig
2、inal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for the selection andsafe u
3、se of metal removal fluids, additives, and antimicrobials.This includes product selection, storage, dispensing, and main-tenance.1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically usedat high dilution and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally,there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal
4、removal fluidas manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives andantimicrobials.1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or otheroils of animal or vegetable origin, including oils that aremodified for performance char
5、acteristics (for example, esteri-fied rapeseed oil, and so forth). Straight oils are not intended tobe diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often includedin straight oil formulations.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. I
6、t is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol inWorkplace AtmospheresE1302
7、Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health andSafetyE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal EnvironmentE2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis ofEndotoxin in Metalworking F
8、luid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalwork-ing or Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-ing Fluid Bio
9、resistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-formance2.2 OSHA Standards (Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration):329 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication29 CFR 1910.132 General Requirements (Personal Protec-tive Equipment) (e.g. gloves, sleeves, aprons, are criticalapplications that avoid or reduc
10、e exposure)29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection29 CFR 1910.134 Respiratory Protection29 CFR 1910.138 Hand Protection29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde29 CFR 1910 Appendix B to Subpart I Non-mandatoryCompliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Per-sonal Protective Equipment Selection40 CFR 156 Labe
11、ling Requirements for Pesticides andDevices2.3 Other Documents:Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: AGuide to Safe and Efficient Use of Metal Removal Fluids43. Terminology3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this practice, referto Terminology E1542.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specifi
12、c to This Standard:3.2.1 contaminant, nsubstances contained in in-use metalremoval fluids that are not part of the as-received fluid, such asabrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines andshavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi,microbial decay products, and wa
13、ste.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa-tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 onHealth and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originallyapproved in 1992
14、. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1497 - 05. DOI:10.1520/E1497-05R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
15、onthe ASTM website.3Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.4Available from ORC Worldwide, Inc., 1800 K Street NW, Suite 810, Wash-ington, DC 20006.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
16、A 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2 control, vto prevent, eliminate or reduce hazardsrelated to use of metal removal fluids in metal removalprocesses and to provide appropriate supplemental and/orinterim protection, as necessary, to employees.3.2.3 dermatitis, nan inflammatory response of the skin3.2.
17、3.1 DiscussionDermatitis can result from a wide va-riety of sources and processes. The most common origins areirritant or allergic responses to a chemical or physical agent.Signs and symptoms that typify the initial onset of dermatitisinclude: erythema (redness); edema (swelling); pruritis (itch-ing
18、); and, vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In more severecases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) maydevelop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure tothe causative agent ceases. More severe cases may requiremore time and some medical attention. Individuals who havefair co
19、mplexions appear to be at higher risk for dermatitis.3.2.4 emergency, nany occurrence, such as but not limitedto equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of controlequipment that results in an uncontrolled release of a signifi-cant amount of metal removal fluid.3.2.5 employee exposure, n
20、contact with the metal re-moval fluid, components, and contaminants by inhalation, skincontact, eye contact, or accidental ingestion.3.2.6 endotoxins, nlipopolysaccharides derived from theouter membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. These compoundscan be pyrogenic (fever producing) at low airborne conc
21、entra-tions.3.2.7 folliculitis, nan inflammatory response to excess oilin hair follicles3.2.8 metal removal fluids, nthe subset of metalworkingfluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to producethe finished part.3.2.8.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluids addressed by thispractice include strai
22、ght or neat oils, not intended for furtherdilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils, semisyn-thetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be diluted withwater before use. Metal removal fluids become contaminatedduring use in the workplace with a variety of workplacesubstances including,
23、 but not limited to, abrasive particles,tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolvedmetal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiologicaldecay products, and waste. These contaminants can causechanges in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metalremoval fluid as well as
24、have the potential to adversely affectthe health and welfare of employees in contact with thecontaminated metal removal fluid.3.2.9 metal removal process, na manufacturing processthat removes metal during shaping of a part, including machin-ing processes, such as milling, drilling, turning, broachin
25、g, andtapping, and grinding processes, as well as honing and lapping,and other similar mechanical operations in which metal isremoved to produce a finished part.3.2.10 tramp oil, noil and oil-soluble additives, some-times insoluble, resulting from leaking hydraulic or gear oil, orsacrificial spindle
26、 oil, or slide way lubricant, that contaminatethe metal removal fluid. Tramp oils may contaminate the metalremoval fluid with components that are emulsifiable but whichwere not part of the metal removal fluid as formulated.3.2.11 wet metal removal fluid environment, nthe work-place environment where
27、 fluids are used to cool and lubricatemachining or grinding operations.4. Significance and Use4.1 Use of this practice will improve management andcontrol of metal removal fluids. The proper management anduse will reduce dermal and other occupational hazards associ-ated with these fluids.4.1.1 Guide
28、E2148 covers information on how to usedocuments related to health and safety of metalworking andmetal removal fluids, including this document. Documentsreferenced in Guide E2148 are grouped as applicable toproducers, to users, or to all.5. Routes of Metal Removal Fluid Exposure and Effectsof Overexp
29、osure5.1 Routes of exposure to metal removal fluids include eyecontact, inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. Exposuremay be through contact with the fluid or by contact withairborne fluid mists, vapor, splashing, or residual fluid onmachinery, parts, or clothing.5.2 Eye contact may cause mild
30、to severe irritation, depend-ing on the concentration and specific characteristics (forexample, alkalinity) of the product.5.2.1 Prevent eye contact. Ensure that splash guarding isfunctional or wear eye protection appropriate for the level ofsplashing or spraying encountered, such as safety glasses
31、withside shields or goggles. See 29 CFR 1910.133.5.3 Inhalation may cause respiratory irritation or other typesof respiratory effects (see 5.3.4).5.3.1 Reduce exposure to mists and vapors. Permissibleexposure levels (OSHA) of the fluid and component ingredi-ents shall not be exceeded. Engineering co
32、ntrols, such asmachine enclosures and exhaust ventilation or substitution withlow-mist products are preferred methods to control exposure.5.3.2 Test Method D7049 may be used for the determinationof both particulate total matter and extractable mass metalremoval fluid aerosol concentrations in a rang
33、e of 0.05 to 5mg/m3in workplace atmospheres.5.3.3 See Practice E1972 for guidelines for minimizingeffects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.5.3.4 For additional information, see Criteria for a Recom-mended Standard Occupational Exposure to Metal WorkingFluids.55.4 Ingestion may cause
34、gastrointestinal disturbances.5.5 Prolonged or repeated dermal contact may cause dry andcracked skin, rash, redness, burning, or itching. Skin abrasionscan intensify the effects. Some metal removal fluids andadditives may sensitize the skin of affected employees, whichcan result in a response to ver
35、y low levels of exposure.5Available from U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-pational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Pkwy., Cincinnati, OH 45226.E1497 05 (2011)26. Fluid Product Selection6.1 Proper p
36、roduct selection is fundamentally critical toreducing or eliminating respiratory conditions and occupa-tional dermatitis associated with exposure to metal removalfluids. The metal removal fluids should perform as intendedwhile providing the safest working conditions. The selection ofa metal removal
37、fluid for each different operation must con-sider the inherent limitations of the product. Water-misciblefluids not properly selected are likely to be used at higherconcentrations than other products more appropriate to theoperation.6.1.1 Consult “Management of the Metal Removal Environ-ment” and “M
38、etalworking Fluids Evaluation Guide”6forfurther information on selecting the proper fluid for theapplication. In addition, your fluid supplier, chemical manager,or corporate subject matter expert should be able to provideinformation on the proper selection of the appropriate fluid andrecommended con
39、centration for use.6.2 Potential health hazards can be reduced by careful fluidselection and substitution. See Guide E1302 and consult“Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best PracticesManual”7for further information.6.3 The metal removal fluid manufacturers material safetydata sheet (MSDS) and t
40、oxicological data must be completeand must provide all applicable information on metal removalfluids, ingredients, and additives. This data shall be reviewed inorder to evaluate potential hazards and establish appropriatecontrol procedures.6.4 The metal removal fluid manufacturer must provide allapp
41、licable health, safety, and toxicological data on additives,including rust inhibitors, product stabilizers, and antimicrobi-als of all types, odorants, and dyes. These data shall bereviewed for their impact on the metal removal fluid mixture towhich they are added. Additives shall only be used with
42、theagreement of the metalworking fluid manufacturer and theappropriate health and safety personnel in the plant.6.5 As supplied, antimicrobials and other additives fortankside addition may present greater health and safety risksthan the metal removal fluid. Further, additives and antimicro-bials are
43、 less likely to be handled automatically, or with specialdelivery equipment, than metal removal fluid concentrate sogreater care and attention are required to reduce risks ofexposure.6.5.1 To avoid recognized health and safety hazards, metalremoval fluid formulations shall not contain nitrites or ni
44、tro-sating agents, petroleum oils that are not severely refined,chlorinated paraffins that have been identified as carcinogens,and other constituents listed in applicable purchase specifica-tions.6.6 All applicable disposal criteria must be met. If there isan on-site wastewater treatment plant, cons
45、ult with the operatorat the time of fluid selection.7. Water Quality and Treatment7.1 Water constitutes more than 90 % of the diluted watermiscible metal removal fluid mixture. Water shall be evaluatedfor hardness, alkalinity, high conductivity, turbidity, corrosiv-ity, biological contaminants, and
46、other factors that may lead toincreased use of metal removal fluid concentrate, additives, orantimicrobials, or a combination thereof. Good water quality isfundamental to proper metal removal fluid use, will helpreduce use of additives and antimicrobials, and lengthen fluidlife. Consult your metal r
47、emoval fluid supplier, chemicalmanager, and corporate subject matter expert.7.2 Where suitable water is not available, water treatmentshall be designed to produce enough water of sufficient qualityfor metal removal fluid use. Treated water shall be readilyavailable from holding tanks large enough to
48、 meet anticipateddaily requirements. Treated water quality, including biologicalcontaminants, must be monitored. Tests performed depend onthe type of water treatment used. Guidance on water qualityand water treatment may be obtained from the metal removalfluid manufacturer.8. Receipt and Handling of
49、 Fluid and Additives8.1 Before the fluid is handled, the user shall have anaccurate and current material safety data sheet as required bythe OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. See 29 CFR1910.1200.8.2 Precautions shall be taken to ensure the fluid is, withoutmodification, the fluid represented in the material safety datasheet.8.3 Users should be informed prior to modifications in fluidformulation so that they may assess potential effects on healthand safety and productivity. Seemingly insignificant changes influid composition may result in adverse interaction with other
