1、Designation: E1497 05 (Reapproved 2011)E1497 17 An American National StandardStandard Practice forSelection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight OilMetal Removal Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the ye
2、ar oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for the sel
3、ection and safe use of metal removal fluids, additives, and antimicrobials. Thisincludes product selection, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically used at high dilution, and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally, thereis potential for exposure t
4、o undiluted metal removal fluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives andantimicrobials.1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or other oils ofanimal or vegetable origin, including oils that are modified
5、for performance characteristics (for example, esterified rapeseed oil,and so forth). Straight oils are not intended to be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often included in straight oilformulations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of meas
6、urement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapp
7、licability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the
8、 World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace AtmospheresE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1542 Terminology Relating to
9、Occupational Health and SafetyE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal Environment (Withdrawn 2017)3E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace AtmospheresE2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metal
10、working or Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide PerformanceE2889 Practice for Control of Respir
11、atory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment2.2 OSHA Standards (Occupational Safety and Health Administration):U.S. Code of Federal Regulations:429 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication29 CFR 1910.132 General Requirements (Personal Protective Equipment) (e.g. gloves, sleeves, aprons, are critic
12、al applicationsthat avoid or reduce exposure)29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Healthand Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current
13、 edition approved Jan. 1, 2011Oct. 1, 2017. Published March 2011October 2017. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20052011 asE1497 - 05.E1497 05 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/E1497-05R11.10.1520/E1497-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contac
14、tASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Code of Federal Regulations available from United S
15、tates Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes a
16、ccurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
17、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States129 CFR 1910.134 Respiratory Protection29 CFR 1910.138 Hand Protection29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde29 CFR 1910 Appendix B to Subpart I Non-mandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal ProtectiveEquipment Sel
18、ection40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and Devices40 CFR Chapter I, Subchapter N Effluent Guidelines and Standards2.3 Other Documents:Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: A Guide to Safe and Efficient Use of Metal Removal Fluids53. Terminology3.1 For definitions and term
19、s relating to this practice, refer to Terminology E1542.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contaminant, nsubstances contained in in-use metal removal fluids that are not part of the as-received fluid, such asabrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavin
20、gs, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi,microbial decay products, and waste.3.2.2 control, vto prevent, eliminate, or reduce hazards related to use of metal removal fluids in metal removal processes andto provide appropriate supplemental and/oror interim protection, or both, as nec
21、essary, to employees.3.2.3 dermatitis, nan inflammatory response of the skinskin.3.2.3.1 DiscussionDermatitis can result from a wide variety of sources and processes. The most common origins are irritant or allergic responses toa chemical or physical agent. Signs and symptoms that typify the initial
22、 onset of dermatitis include: erythema (redness); edema(swelling); pruritis (itching); and, vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In more severe cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers(open sores) may develop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure to the causative agent ceases. More sev
23、ere cases mayrequire more time and some medical attention. Individuals who have fair complexions appear to be at higher risk for dermatitis.3.2.4 emergency, nany occurrence, such as but not limited to equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of controlequipment that results in an uncontr
24、olled release of a significant amount of metal removal fluid.3.2.5 employee exposure, ncontact with the metal removal fluid, components, and contaminants by inhalation, skin contact,eye contact, or accidental ingestion.3.2.6 endotoxins, nlipopolysaccharides derived from the outer membrane of Gram-ne
25、gative bacteria. These compounds canbe pyrogenic (fever producing) at low airborne concentrations.3.2.7 folliculitis, nan inflammatory response to excess oil in hair follicles3.2.8 metal removal fluids, nthe subset of metalworking fluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to produce thefini
26、shed part.3.2.8.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluids addressed by this practice include straight or neat oils, not intended for further dilution with water, andwater-miscible soluble oils, semisynthetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be diluted with water before use. Metal removalfluids become
27、contaminated during use in the workplace with a variety of workplace substances including, but not limited to,abrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi,microbiological decay products, and waste. These contaminants
28、can cause changes in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metalremoval fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affect the health and welfare of employees in contact with the contaminatedmetal removal fluid.3.2.9 metal removal process, na manufacturing process that removes metal during s
29、haping of a part, including machiningprocesses, such as milling, drilling, turning, broaching, and tapping, and grinding processes, as well as honing and lapping, andother similar mechanical operations in which metal is removed to produce a finished part.3.2.10 tramp oil, noil and oil-soluble additi
30、ves, sometimes insoluble, resulting from leaking hydraulic or gear oil, or sacrificialspindle oil, or slide way lubricant, that contaminate the metal removal fluid. Tramp oils may contaminate the metal removal fluidwith components that are emulsifiable but which were not part of the metal removal fl
31、uid as formulated.5 Available from ORC Worldwide, Inc., 1800 K Street NW, Suite 810, Washington, DC 20006.E1497 1723.2.11 wet metal removal fluid environment, nthe workplace environment where fluids are used to cool and lubricatemachining or grinding operations.4. Significance and Use4.1 Use of this
32、 practice will improve management and control of metal removal fluids. The proper management and use willreduce dermal and other occupational hazards associated with these fluids.4.1.1 Guide E2148 covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal remov
33、alfluids, including this document. Documents referenced in Guide E2148 are grouped as applicable to producers, to users, or to all.4.1.2 Practice E2889 augments the information provided in this practice by providing information on approaches to reducingexposures to different types of metal removal f
34、luid related aerosols.5. Routes of Metal Removal Fluid Exposure and Effects of Overexposure5.1 Routes of exposure to metal removal fluids include eye contact, inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. Exposure maybe through contact with the fluid or by contact with airborne fluid mists, vapor, spla
35、shing, or residual fluid on machinery, parts,or clothing.5.2 Eye contact may cause mild to severe irritation, depending on the concentration and specific characteristics (for example,alkalinity) of the product.5.2.1 Prevent eye contact. Ensure that splash guarding is functional or wear eye protectio
36、n appropriate for the level of splashingor spraying encountered, such as safety glasses with side shields or goggles. See 29 CFR 1910.133.5.3 Inhalation may cause respiratory irritation or other types of respiratory effects (see 5.3.4).5.3.1 Reduce exposure to mists and vapors. Permissible exposure
37、levels (OSHA) of the fluid and component ingredients shallnot be exceeded. Engineering controls, such as machine enclosures and exhaust ventilation or substitution with low-mist products,are preferred methods to control exposure.5.3.2 Test Method D7049 maycan be used for the determination of both pa
38、rticulate total matter and extractable mass metalremoval fluid aerosol concentrations in a range of 0.05 to 5 5 mgmg/mm33 in workplace atmospheres.5.3.3 See Practice E1972 for guidelines for minimizing effects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.5.3.4 For additional information, see Cri
39、teria for a Recommended Standard Occupational Exposure to Metal Working Fluids.65.4 Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal disturbances.5.5 Prolonged or repeated dermal contact may cause dry and cracked skin, rash, redness, burning, or itching. Skin abrasions canintensify the effects. Some metal remov
40、al fluids and additives may sensitize the skin of affected employees, which can result ina response to very low levels of exposure.6. Fluid Product Selection6.1 Proper product selection is fundamentally critical to reducing or eliminating respiratory conditions and occupationaldermatitis associated
41、with exposure to metal removal fluids. The metal removal fluids should perform as intended while providingthe safest working conditions. The selection of a metal removal fluid for each different operation must consider the inherentlimitations of the product. Water-miscible fluids not properly select
42、ed are likely to be used at higher concentrations than otherproducts more appropriate to the operation.6.1.1 Consult “Management of the Metal Removal Environment” and “Metalworking Fluids Evaluation Guide”7 for furtherinformation on selecting the proper fluid for the application. In addition, your f
43、luid supplier, chemical manager, or corporate subjectmatter expert should be able to provide information on the proper selection of the appropriate fluid and recommendedconcentration for use.6.2 Potential health hazards can be reduced by careful fluid selection and substitution. See Guide E1302 and
44、consult“Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices Manual”8 for further information.6.3 The metal removal fluid manufacturers material manufacturers safety data sheet (MSDS)(SDS) and toxicological datamust be complete and must provide all applicable information on metal removal fluids, in
45、gredients, and additives. This data shallbe reviewed in order to evaluate potential hazards and establish appropriate control procedures.6.4 The metal removal fluid manufacturer must provide all applicable health, safety, and toxicological data on additives,including rust inhibitors, product stabili
46、zers, and antimicrobials of all types, odorants, and dyes. These data shall be reviewed for6 Available from U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safetyand Health, 4676 Columbia Pkwy., Cincinnat
47、i, OH 45226.7 Available from National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, 3025 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, MI 48108.8 Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC 20402, or at http:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.htmlhttp:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/me
48、talworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html.E1497 173their impact on the metal removal fluid mixture to which they are added. Additives shall only be used with the agreement of themetalworking fluid manufacturer and the appropriate health and safety personnel in the plant.6.5 As supplied, antimi
49、crobials and other additives for tankside addition may present greater health and safety risks than themetal removal fluid. Further, additives and antimicrobials are less likely to be handled automatically, or with special deliveryequipment, than metal removal fluid concentrate so greater care and attention are required to reduce risks of exposure.6.5.1 To avoid recognized health and safety hazards, metal removal fluid formulations shall not contain nitrites or nitrosatingagents, petroleum oils that are not severely refined, chlorinated paraffins that have bee
