1、Designation: E 1529 06An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forDetermining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires onStructural Members and Assemblies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1529; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe performance of structural members and assemblies exposed to
3、fire conditions resulting fromlarge, free-burning (that is, outdoors), fluid-hydrocarbon-fueled pool fires is of concern in the designof hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) facilities and other facilities subject to these types of fires.In recognition of this unique fire protection problem, it is
4、generally required that critical structuralmembers and assemblies be of fire-resistant construction.Historically, such requirements have been based upon tests conducted in accordance with TestMethods E119, the only available standardized test for fire resistant construction. However, theexposure spe
5、cified in Test Methods E119does not adequately characterize large hydrocarbon poolfires. Test Methods E119is used for representation of building fires where the primary fuel is solidin nature, and in which there are significant constraints on the movement of air to the fire, and thecombustion produc
6、ts away from the fire (that is, through doors, windows). In contrast, neithercondition is typical of large hydrocarbon pool fires (see Appendix X1 on Commentary).One of the most distinguishing features of the pool fire is the rapid development of hightemperatures and heat fluxes that can subject exp
7、osed structural members and assemblies to a thermalshock much greater than that associated with Test Methods E119. As a result, it is important that fireresistance requirements for HPI assemblies of all types of materials be evaluated and specified inaccordance with a standardized test that is more
8、representative of the anticipated fire conditions. Sucha standard is found in the test methods herein.1. Scope1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-responsestandard are used for determining the fire-test response ofcolumns, girders, beams or similar structural members, andfire-containment
9、 walls, of either homogeneous or compositeconstruction, that are employed in HPI or other facilitiessubject to large hydrocarbon pool fires.1.2 It is the intent that tests conducted in accordance withthese test methods will indicate whether structural members ofassemblies, or fire-containment wall a
10、ssemblies, will continueto perform their intended function during the period of fireexposure. These tests shall not be construed as having deter-mined suitability for use after fire exposure.1.3 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposurefor comparing the relative performance of different
11、structuraland fire-containment wall assemblies under controlled labora-tory conditions. The application of these test results to predictthe performance of actual assemblies when exposed to largepool fires requires a careful engineering evaluation.1.4 These test methods may be useful for testing othe
12、r itemssuch as piping, electrical circuits in conduit, floors or decks,and cable trays. Because failure criteria and test specimendescriptions are not provided in these test methods, testingthese types of items will require appropriate specimen detailsand end-point or failure criteria.1.5 Limitation
13、sThese test methods do not provide thefollowing:1.5.1 Full information on the performance of assembliesconstructed with components or of dimensions other than thosetested.1.5.2 An evaluation of the degree to which the assemblycontributes to the fire hazard through the generation of smoke,toxic gases
14、, or other products of combustion.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on ConstructionAssemblies.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2006. Published February 2006. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last
15、previous edition approved in 2000 as E 1529 00.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.5.3 Simulation of fire behavior of joints or connectionsbetween structural elements such as beam-to-column connec-tions.1.5.4 Measuremen
16、t of flame spread over the surface of thetest assembly.1.5.5 Procedures for measuring the test performance ofother structural shapes (such as vessel skirts), equipment (suchas electrical cables, motor-operated valves, etc.), or itemssubject to large hydrocarbon pool fires, other than thosedescribed
17、in 1.1.1.5.6 The erosive effect that the velocities or turbulence, orboth, generated in large pool fires has on some fire protectionmaterials.1.5.7 Full information on the performance of assemblies attimes less than 5 min because the rise time called out in Section5 is longer than that of a real fir
18、e.1.6 These test methods do not preclude the use of a real fireor any other method of evaluating the performance of structuralmembers and assemblies in simulated fire conditions. Any testmethod that is demonstrated to comply with Section 5isacceptable.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to
19、 be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazar
20、d or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pr
21、actices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 The text of this standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-notes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standar
22、d.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) ApparatusD 822 Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Expo-sures of Paint and Related CoatingsE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE511 Te
23、st Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using aCopper-Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux TransducerE 814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-PenetrationFire Stops2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:46 CFR 164.007 Structural Insulations23. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology E 176 for definitions
24、of terms used in these test methods.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 total cold wall heat fluxthe heat flux that would betransferred to an object whose temperature is 70F (21C).4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 A standard fire exposure of controlled extent and sever-ity is specif
25、ied.The test setup will provide an average total coldwall heat flux on all exposed surfaces of the test specimen of50 000 Btu/ft2h 6 2500 Btu/ft2h (158 kW/m26 8 kW/m2).The heat flux shall be attained within the first 5 min of testexposure and maintained for the duration of the test. Thetemperature o
26、f the environment that generates the heat flux ofprocedures in 6.2 shall be at least 1500F (815C) after the first3 min of the test and shall be between 1850F (1010C) and2150F (1180C) at all times after the first 5 min of the test.Performance is defined as the time period during whichstructural membe
27、rs or assemblies will continue to perform theirintended function when subjected to fire exposure. The resultsare reported in terms of time increments such as12 h,34 h, 1h, 112 h, etc.4.1.1 These test methods are cited as the “Standard LargeHydrocarbon Pool Fire Tests.”5. Significance and Use5.1 Thes
28、e test methods are intended to provide a basis forevaluating the time period during which a beam, girder,column, or similar structural assembly, or a nonbearing wall,will continue to perform its intended function when subjectedto a controlled, standardized fire exposure.5.1.1 In particular, the sele
29、cted standard exposure conditionsimulates the condition of total continuous engulfment of amember or assembly in the luminous flame (fire plume) area ofa large free-burning-fluid-hydrocarbon pool fire. The standardfire exposure is basically defined in terms of the total fluxincident on the test spec
30、imen together with appropriate tem-perature conditions.5.1.2 It is recognized that the thermodynamic properties offree-burning, hydrocarbon fluid pool fires have not beencompletely characterized and are variable depending on thesize of the fire, the fuel, environmental factors (such as windcondition
31、s), the physical relationship of the structural memberto the exposing fire, and other factors.As a result, the exposurespecified in these test methods is not necessarily representativeof all the conditions that exist in large hydrocarbon pool fires.The specified standard exposure is based upon the b
32、estavailable information and testing technology. It provides abasis for comparing the relative performance of differentassemblies under controlled conditions.5.1.3 Any variation to construction or conditions (that is,size, method of assembly, and materials) from that of the testedassembly is capable
33、 of substantially changing the performancecharacteristics of the assembly.5.2 Separate procedures are specified for testing columnspecimens with and without an applied superimposed load.5.2.1 The procedures for testing loaded columns stipulatethat the load shall be applied axially. The applied load
34、is to be2Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.E1529062the maximum load condition allowed under nationally recog-nized structural design criteria unless limited design criteria arespecified and a correspondin
35、g reduced load applied.5.2.2 The procedure for testing unloaded steel columnspecimens includes temperature limits. These limits are in-tended to define the temperature above which a steel columnwith an axially applied design allowable load would failstructurally.NOTE 1The procedure for unloaded spec
36、imens also provides for thetesting of other than steel columns provided that appropriate acceptancecriteria have been established.5.3 Separate procedures are also specified for testing beamassemblies with and without an applied superimposed load.5.3.1 The procedure for testing loaded specimens stipu
37、latesthat the beam shall be simply supported and may or may not berestrained against longitudinal thermal expansion, dependingon the intended use. The applied load is intended to be theallowable design load permitted for the beam as determined inaccordance with accepted engineering practice.5.3.2 Th
38、e procedure for testing unloaded beams includestemperature limits for steel. These limits are to define thetemperature above which a simply supported, unrestrainedbeam would fail structurally if subjected to the allowabledesign load. The procedure for unloaded specimens alsoprovides for the testing
39、of other than steel and reinforcedconcrete beams provided that appropriate acceptance criteriahave been established.5.3.3 It is recognized that beam assemblies that are testedwithout load will not deflect to the same extent as an identicalassembly tested with load. As a result, tests conducted inacc
40、ordance with the unloaded beam procedure are not intendedto reflect the effects of crack formation, dislodgement ofapplied fire protection materials, and other factors that areinfluenced by the deflection of the assembly.5.4 A separate procedure is specified for testing the fire-containment capabili
41、ty of a wall/bulkhead/partition, etc. Ac-ceptance criteria include temperature rise of nonfire exposedsurface, plus the ability of the wall to prohibit passage offlames or hot gases, or both.5.5 In most cases, the structural assemblies that will beevaluated in accordance with these test methods will
42、 be locatedoutdoors and subjected to varying weather conditions that arecapable of adversely affecting the fire endurance of theassembly. A program of accelerated weathering followed byfire exposure is described to simulate such exposure.CONTROL OF FIRE TEST6. Fire Test Exposure Conditions6.1 Expose
43、 the test specimen to heat flux and temperatureconditions representative of total continuous engulfment in theluminous flame regime of a large free-burning fluid-hydrocarbon-fueled pool fire. See Appendix X1 for the ratio-nale for selection of this condition. Essential conditions arespecified in 6.2
44、 and 6.3. Use calibration assemblies to demon-strate that the required heat flux and temperature levels aregenerated in the test facility.6.2 The test setup will provide an average total cold wallheat flux (6.2.1) on all exposed surfaces of the test specimen of50 000 Btu/ft2h 6 2500 Btu/ft2h (158 kW
45、/m26 8 kW/m2).Adjust the flow of fuel and air, or vary other parameters, orboth, within the individual test facility as necessary to achievethe specified setup. Attain the cold wall heat flux of 50 000Btu/ft2h within the first 5 min of test exposure; maintain it forthe duration of the test. (See 7.1
46、 through 7.3 for measurementand control details.)6.2.1 In all cases in these test methods, the heat flux valuescited are total cold wall heat fluxes.6.3 The temperature of the environment that generates theheat flux specified in 6.2 shall be at least 1500F (815C) afterthe first 3 min of the test and
47、 shall be between 1850F(1010C) and 2150F (1180C) at all times after the first 5 minof the test. (See 9.1-9.4 for measurement and control details.)6.4 Continue the fire-endurance test until the specifiedconditions of acceptance are exceeded or until the specimenhas withstood the fire exposure for a p
48、eriod equal to that forwhich classification is being sought. Continue the test beyondthe time at which the specified conditions of acceptance areexceeded when the purpose in doing so is to obtain additionalperformance data.7. Heat Flux Measurements7.1 Measure the total heat flux as specified in 6.2
49、using awater-cooled heat flux sensor. Ensure the temperature of thecooling water is above the dew point in the furnace (50C isusually sufficient). Otherwise, large uncertainties will result.The preferred sensor for this measurement is a Schmidt-BoelterGauge, which uses a thermopile design. Although the uncer-tainty will be higher, a circular foil heat flux gauge (oftencalled a Gardon Gauge after the developer) is also acceptableNOTE 1O represents total heat flux sensor; X a gas temperaturesensor.NOTE 2Heat flux measurements are required on two faces of theco
