1、Designation: E1529 14a An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forDetermining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires onStructural Members and Assemblies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1529; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe performance of structural members and assemblies exposed to f
3、ire conditions resulting fromlarge, free-burning (that is, outdoors), fluid-hydrocarbon-fueled pool fires is of concern in the designof hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) facilities and other facilities subject to these types of fires.In recognition of this unique fire protection problem, it is g
4、enerally required that critical structuralmembers and assemblies be of fire-resistant construction.Historically, such requirements have been based upon tests conducted in accordance with TestMethods E119, the only available standardized test for fire resistant construction. However, theexposure spec
5、ified in Test Methods E119 does not adequately characterize large hydrocarbon poolfires. Test Methods E119 is used for representation of building fires where the primary fuel is solid innature, and in which there are significant constraints on the movement of air to the fire, and thecombustion produ
6、cts away from the fire (that is, through doors, windows). In contrast, neithercondition is typical of large hydrocarbon pool fires (see Appendix X1 on Commentary).One of the most distinguishing features of the pool fire is the rapid development of hightemperatures and heat fluxes that can subject ex
7、posed structural members and assemblies to a thermalshock much greater than that associated with Test Methods E119. As a result, it is important that fireresistance requirements for HPI assemblies of all types of materials be evaluated and specified inaccordance with a standardized test that is more
8、 representative of the anticipated fire conditions. Sucha standard is found in the test methods herein.1. Scope*1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-responsestandard are used for determining the fire-test response ofcolumns, girders, beams or similar structural members, andfire-containme
9、nt walls, of either homogeneous or compositeconstruction, that are employed in HPI or other facilitiessubject to large hydrocarbon pool fires.1.2 It is the intent that tests conducted in accordance withthese test methods will indicate whether structural members ofassemblies, or fire-containment wall
10、 assemblies, will continueto perform their intended function during the period of fireexposure. These tests shall not be construed as having deter-mined suitability for use after fire exposure.1.3 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposurefor comparing the relative performance of differen
11、t structuraland fire-containment wall assemblies under controlled labora-tory conditions. The application of these test results to predictthe performance of actual assemblies when exposed to largepool fires requires a careful engineering evaluation.1.4 These test methods provide for quantitative hea
12、t fluxmeasurements during both the control calibration and theactual test. These heat flux measurements are being made tosupport the development of design fires and the use of firesafety engineering models to predict thermal exposure andmaterial performance in a wide range of fire scenarios.1.5 Thes
13、e test methods are useful for testing other itemssuch as piping, electrical circuits in conduit, floors or decks,and cable trays. Testing of these types of items requiresdevelopment of appropriate specimen details and end-point orfailure criteria. Such failure criteria and test specimen descrip-tion
14、s are not provided in these test methods.1.6 LimitationsThese test methods do not provide thefollowing:1.6.1 Full information on the performance of assembliesconstructed with components or of dimensions other than thosetested.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fir
15、eStandards and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on FireResistance.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1529 14. DOI:10.1520/E1529-14A.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the en
16、d of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.6.2 An evaluation of the degree to which the assemblycontributes to the fire hazard through the generation of smoke,toxic gases, or other products of combustion.1.6.3
17、 Simulation of fire behavior of joints or connectionsbetween structural elements such as beam-to-column connec-tions.1.6.4 Measurement of flame spread over the surface of thetest assembly.1.6.5 Procedures for measuring the test performance ofother structural shapes (such as vessel skirts), equipment
18、 (suchas electrical cables, motor-operated valves, etc.), or itemssubject to large hydrocarbon pool fires, other than thosedescribed in 1.1.1.6.6 The erosive effect that the velocities or turbulence, orboth, generated in large pool fires has on some fire protectionmaterials.1.6.7 Full information on
19、 the performance of assemblies attimes less than 5 min because the rise time called out in Section5 is longer than that of a real fire.1.7 These test methods do not preclude the use of a real fireor any other method of evaluating the performance of structuralmembers and assemblies in simulated fire
20、conditions. Any testmethod that is demonstrated to comply with Section 5 isacceptable.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard
21、.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire
22、conditions.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.1
23、1 The text of this standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-notes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray
24、 (Fog) ApparatusD822 Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Expo-sures of Paint and Related CoatingsE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE457 Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Usinga Thermal Capacitance (Slug) Calorim
25、eterE459 Test Method for Measuring Heat Transfer Rate Usinga Thin-Skin CalorimeterE511 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Copper-Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux TransducerE814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration FirestopSystemsE2683 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Flush-
26、Mounted Insert Temperature-Gradient Gages2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:346 CFR 164.007 Structural Insulations2.3 IMO Documents:4IMO A7542.4 ISO Standard:5ISO 834-1 Fire Resistance Tests Elements of BuildingConstruction Part 1: General Requirements3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology E
27、176 for definitionsof terms used in these test methods.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 total cold wall heat fluxthe heat flux that would betransferred to an object whose temperature is 70F (21C).4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 A standard fire exposure of controlled extent and
28、sever-ity is specified.The test setup will provide an average total coldwall heat flux on all exposed surfaces of the test specimen of50 000 Btu/ft2h 6 2500 Btu/ft2h (158 kW/m26 8kW/m2).The heat flux shall be attained within the first 5 min of testexposure and maintained for the duration of the test
29、. Thetemperature of the environment that generates the heat flux ofprocedures in 6.2 shall be at least 1500F (815C) after the first3 min of the test and shall be between 1850F (1010C) and2150F (1180C) at all times after the first 5 min of the test.Performance is defined as the time period during whi
30、chstructural members or assemblies will continue to perform theirintended function when subjected to fire exposure. The resultsare reported in terms of time increments such as12 h,34 h, 1h, 112 h, etc.4.1.1 These test methods require quantitative measurementsof thermal exposure during both furnace c
31、alibration and actualtesting.4.1.2 These test methods are cited as the “Standard LargeHydrocarbon Pool Fire Tests.”5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods are intended to provide a basis forevaluating the time period during which a beam, girder,column, or similar structural assembly, or a nonb
32、earing wall,2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order D
33、esk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.4Available from the International Maritime Organization (IMO), EnvironmentalStandards Division (CG-5224), U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters, 2100 Second StreetSW, Washington, DC 20593; http:/www.uscg.mil/environmental_stan
34、dards/5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.E1529 14a2will continue to perform its intended function when subjectedto a controlled, standardized fire exposure.5.1.1 In particular, the selected standard exposure
35、conditionsimulates the condition of total continuous engulfment of amember or assembly in the luminous flame (fire plume) area ofa large free-burning-fluid-hydrocarbon pool fire. The standardfire exposure is basically defined in terms of the total fluxincident on the test specimen together with appr
36、opriate tem-perature conditions. Quantitative measurements of the thermalexposure (total heat flux) are required during both furnacecalibration and actual testing.5.1.2 It is recognized that the thermodynamic properties offree-burning, hydrocarbon fluid pool fires have not beencompletely characteriz
37、ed and are variable depending on thesize of the fire, the fuel, environmental factors (such as windconditions), the physical relationship of the structural memberto the exposing fire, and other factors.As a result, the exposurespecified in these test methods is not necessarily representativeof all t
38、he conditions that exist in large hydrocarbon pool fires.The specified standard exposure is based upon the bestavailable information and testing technology. It provides abasis for comparing the relative performance of differentassemblies under controlled conditions.5.1.3 Any variation to constructio
39、n or conditions (that is,size, method of assembly, and materials) from that of the testedassembly is capable of substantially changing the performancecharacteristics of the assembly.5.2 Separate procedures are specified for testing columnspecimens with and without an applied superimposed load.5.2.1
40、The procedures for testing loaded columns stipulatethat the load shall be applied axially. The applied load is to bethe maximum load condition allowed under nationally recog-nized structural design criteria unless limited design criteria arespecified and a corresponding reduced load applied.5.2.2 Th
41、e procedure for testing unloaded steel columnspecimens includes temperature limits. These limits are in-tended to define the temperature above which a steel columnwith an axially applied design allowable load would failstructurally.5.2.3 The procedure for unloaded specimens also providesfor the test
42、ing of other than steel columns provided thatappropriate acceptance criteria have been established.5.3 Separate procedures are also specified for testing beamassemblies with and without an applied superimposed load.5.3.1 The procedure for testing loaded specimens stipulatesthat the beam shall be sim
43、ply supported. Application ofrestraint against longitudinal thermal expansion depends on theintended use, as specified by the customer. The applied load isintended to be the allowable design load permitted for the beamas determined in accordance with accepted engineering prac-tice.5.3.2 The procedur
44、e for testing unloaded beams includestemperature limits for steel. These limits are to define thetemperature above which a simply supported, unrestrainedbeam would fail structurally if subjected to the allowabledesign load. The procedure for unloaded specimens alsoprovides for the testing of other t
45、han steel and reinforcedconcrete beams provided that appropriate acceptance criteriahave been established.5.3.3 It is recognized that beam assemblies that are testedwithout load will not deflect to the same extent as an identicalassembly tested with load. As a result, tests conducted inaccordance wi
46、th the unloaded beam procedure are not intendedto reflect the effects of crack formation, dislodgement ofapplied fire protection materials, and other factors that areinfluenced by the deflection of the assembly.5.4 A separate procedure is specified for testing the fire-containment capability of a wa
47、ll/bulkhead/partition, etc. Ac-ceptance criteria include temperature rise of nonfire exposedsurface, plus the ability of the wall to prohibit passage offlames or hot gases, or both.5.5 In most cases, the structural assemblies that will beevaluated in accordance with these test methods will be locate
48、doutdoors and subjected to varying weather conditions that arecapable of adversely affecting the fire endurance of theassembly. A program of accelerated weathering followed byfire exposure is described to simulate such exposure.5.6 These test methods provide for quantitative heat fluxmeasurements to
49、 support the development of design fires andthe use of fire safety engineering models to predict thermalexposure and material performance in a wide range of firescenarios.CONTROL OF FIRE TEST6. Fire Test Exposure Conditions6.1 Expose the test specimen to heat flux and temperatureconditions representative of total continuous engulfment in theluminous flame regime of a large free-burning fluid-hydrocarbon-fueled pool fire. See Appendix X1, which de-scribes measurements in intermediate to large scale pool fireswith calorimeters of different sizes and shapes, for t
