1、Designation: E1554 07E1554/E1554M 13Standard Test Methods forDetermining Air Leakage of Air Distribution Systems by FanPressurization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1554;E1554/E1554M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The test methods included in this standard are applicable to the air distribution s
3、ystems in low-rise residential andcommercial buildings.1.2 These test methods cover four techniques for measuring the air leakage of air distribution systems. The techniques use airflow and pressure measurements to determine the leakage characteristics.1.3 The test methods for two of the techniques
4、also specify the auxiliary measurements needed to characterize the magnitudeof the distribution system air leakage during normal operation.1.4 Atest method for the total recirculating air flow induced by the system blower is included so that the air distribution systemleakage can be normalized as is
5、 often required for energy calculations.1.5 The proper use of these test methods requires knowledge of the principles of air flow and pressure measurements.1.6 Three of these test methods are intended to produce a measure of the air leakage from the air distribution system to outside.The other test
6、method measures total air leakage including air leaks to inside conditioned space.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values given inparentheses are for information only.stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; theref
7、ore, each system shall be usedindependently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this stand
8、ard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE779 Test Method for Determining Air Leak
9、age Rate by Fan PressurizationE1258 Test Method for Airflow Calibration of Fan Pressurization Devices2.2 ASME Standard:3MFC-3M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Orifice Nozzle and Venturi3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms related to building construction used in the
10、se test methods, refer toTerminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Refer to Terminology E631 for definitions of other terms used in these testmethods.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and are the direct respons
11、ibility of Subcommittee E06.41 on AirLeakage and Ventilation Performance.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007April 15, 2013. Published December 2007April 2013. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20032007as E1554 03.E1554 07. DOI: 10.1520/E1554-07.10.1520/E1554_E1554M-13.
12、2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (AS
13、ME), ASME International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically
14、 possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C70
15、0, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1 building envelopethe boundary or barrier separating the interior volume of a building from the outside environment.Even when a garage is conditioned, for this standard it is considered to be outside the building envelope.3.2.2 blowerthe air mo
16、ving device for a forced air space conditioning and/or ventilation system.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Four alternative measurement and analysis methods are specified and labeled A through D, Test Methods A and B giveseparate values for supply and return leakage to outside. Test Methods C and D do
17、not separate supply and return leakage. TestMethods A, B, and C determine leakage to outside, but Test Method D measures total leakage, including leakage to inside. TestMethod A is based upon changes in flow through distribution system leaks to outside due to blower operation over a range ofenvelope
18、 pressure differences. The envelope pressure differences are generated by a separate air moving fan and bothpressurization and depressurization measurements are performed. Test Methods B and C are based upon pressurizing thedistribution system at the same time as the building in order to isolate the
19、 leaks that are outside the building envelope. For TestMethod B, measured system operating pressures are then used to estimate leakage under operating conditions. Test Method Cdetermines the leakage to outside at a uniform reference pressure of 25 Pa (0.10.1 in. water) of water instead of operatingp
20、ressure, and does not separate supply and return leaks. Test Methods B and C are shown schematically in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. UnlikeMethods A, B, and C, Method D does not attempt to measure the leakage to outside under normal operating conditions, butmeasures the total system leakage at a uniform refer
21、ence pressure of 25 Pa (0.10.1 in. water). of water. The schematic in Fig.3 applies to Method D.FIG. 1 Schematic of Method BDistribution System and Building Pressurization Test (for Supply Leakage)E1554/E1554M 1324.2 These test methods also include specifications for the auxiliary measurements to in
22、terpret the air leakage measurements.5. Significance and Use5.1 Air leakage between an air distribution system and unconditioned spaces affects the energy losses from the distributionsystem, the ventilation rate of the building, and the entry rate of air pollutants.5.2 The determination of infiltrat
23、ion energy loads and ventilation rates of residences and small commercial buildings aretypically based on the assumption that the principal driving forces for infiltration and ventilation are the wind and indoor/outdoortemperature differences. This can be an inappropriate assumption for buildings th
24、at have distribution systems that pass throughunconditioned spaces, because the existence of relatively modest leakage from that system has a relatively large impact on overallventilation rates. The air leakage characteristics of these exterior distribution systems are needed to determine their vent
25、ilation,energy, and pollutant-entry implications.5.3 Air leakage through the exterior air distribution envelope may be treated in the same manner as air leakage in the buildingenvelope as long as the system is not operating (see Test Method E779). However, when the system blower is on, the pressures
26、across the air distribution system leaks are usually significantly larger than those driving natural infiltration. Depending on the sizeof the leaks, these pressures can induce much larger flows than natural infiltration. Thus, it is important to be able to isolate theseleaks from building envelope
27、leaks. The leakage of air distribution systems must be measured in the field, because it has beenshown that workmanship and installation details are more important than design in determining the leakage of these systems.FIG. 2 Schematic of Method CDistribution System Pressurization TestE1554/E1554M
28、1335.4 For codes, standards, and other compliance or quality control applications, the precision and repeatability at meeting aspecified target (for example, air flow at reference pressure) is more important than air leakage flows at operating conditions. Someexisting codes, standards, and voluntary
29、 programs require the use of a simpler test method (Test Method D) that does not separatesupply from return leakage, leakage to inside from leakage to outside, or estimate leakage pressures at operating conditions.5.5 Test Methods A, B, and C can be used for energy use calculations and compliance an
30、d quality control applications. TestMethod D is intended for use in compliance and quality control only.6. Apparatus6.1 The following description of apparatus is general in nature. Any arrangement of equipment using the same principles andcapable of performing the test procedure within the allowable
31、 tolerances is permitted. The items are labeled for each test method.6.2 Major Components:6.2.1 Air-Moving Equipment (A, B, and C)A fan, blower, or blower door assembly that is capable of moving air into and outof the building at the flow rates required to create the full range of test pressure diff
32、erences. The air moving equipment shall beable to accomplish both pressurization and depressurization of the building and distribution system.6.2.2 Air Flow-Regulating System (A, B, and C)A device such as a damper or variable speed motor control to regulate andmaintain air flow through the air movin
33、g equipment (see 6.2.1).6.2.3 Air Flow Measuring Device (A)A device to measure airflow with an accuracy of 65 % of the measured flow throughair moving equipment in 6.2.1. The air flow measuring system shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method E1258 orASMEMFC-3M, whichever is applicable. The
34、 temperature dependence and range of the calibration shall be explicitly reported.6.2.4 Distribution System Flow Measurement Device (B, C, and D)A device to measure airflow with an accuracy of 65 %of the measured flow.The airflow measuring system shall be calibrated in accordance withTest Method E12
35、58 orASME MFC-3M,whichever is applicable. The temperature dependence and range of the calibration shall be explicitly reported.6.2.5 Pressure-Measuring Device (All methods)A device to measure pressure differences with an accuracy of 60.25 Pa(60.00160.001 in. Hof2O) water or 61 % of measured pressure
36、, whichever is greater.6.2.6 Distribution System Pressure Measuring Probe (B, C, and D)Aprobe to measure the static pressure within a distributionsystem under flow conditions.6.2.7 Air Temperature Measuring Device (All methods)To give an accuracy of 60.5C (0.9F).0.9F.7. Hazards7.1 Glass should not b
37、reak at the pressure differences normally applied to the building, however, protective eye wear shall beprovided to personnel.FIG. 3 Example of Air-Flow Difference and Envelope Pressure Plot for Test Method A.1E1554/E1554M 1347.2 When conducted in the field, safety equipment required for general fie
38、ld work shall be supplied, such as safety shoes, hardhats, and so forth.7.3 Because air-moving equipment is involved in this test, a proper guard or cage to house the fan or blower and to preventaccidental access to any moving parts of the equipment shall be provided.7.4 Hearing protection shall be
39、provided for personnel who work close to noises such as those generated by moving air.7.5 When the blower or fan is operating, a large volume of air is being forced into or out of the building, the air-distributionsystem, or both. Precautions shall be undertaken such that plants, pets, occupants, or
40、 internal furnishings shall not be damaged dueto the influx of cold or warm air. Similar precautions shall be exercised with respect to sucking debris or exhaust gases fromfireplaces and flues into the interior of the building extinguishing pilot lights, flame rollout for combustion appliances and d
41、rawingsewer gas into the building.8. Procedure8.1 GeneralThe basic procedure involves pressurization and depressurization of air distribution systems and buildings withconcurrent flow and pressure measurements to determine the air leakage of the distribution system.8.1.1 Test Method A (Flow Differen
42、ce) for Air Leakage DeterminationThis technique is based upon changing the flow throughdistribution system leaks by operating the blower fan and simultaneously pressurizing (or depressurizing) the building envelopeand distribution system. There are two alternatives for gathering the required test da
43、ta utilizing the same analysis procedure. TestMethod A.1 records data at fixed envelope pressure stations. Test Method A.2 records data continuously as the envelope air flowsand pressure are gradually changed by the envelope air moving equipment. The blower speed and heating or cooling function shal
44、lbe the same for all steps of the test procedure.8.1.2 Test Method B: Fan Pressurization of Distribution System and Building for Air Leakage DeterminationThis techniqueis based upon sealing the registers of the distribution system and pressurizing the system to measure the flow through the leaksat t
45、he imposed pressure difference. With the building pressurized to the same pressure, this test isolates the leaks that are to outsideonly. Measurements of system operating pressures allow the leakage flow at the fixed test pressure to be converted to the leakageflow at operating pressures. Often air
46、distribution systems are located outside the conditioned space of a building, but are notcompletely outside. Example locations include attics, crawlspaces, and garages. These locations are defined as buffer zones.8.1.3 Test Method C: Fan Pressurization of Distribution System and Building for Air Lea
47、kage Determination at a Determinationat a Reference PressureThis technique is based upon sealing the registers of the distribution system and pressurizing the systemto measure the flow through the leaks at a reference pressure difference of 25 Pa (0.10.1 in. water). of water. With the buildingpressu
48、rized to the same pressure, this test isolates the leaks that are to outside only, but does not separate supply and return leaksor convert results to operating pressures.8.1.4 Test Method D: Fan Pressurization of Distribution System for Total Air Leakage DeterminationThis technique is basedupon seal
49、ing the registers of the distribution system and pressurizing the system to measure the flow through the leaks at theimposed pressure difference. The result is a total distribution system leakage at a single reference pressure difference of 25 Pa(0.10.1 in. water). of water. This test does not separate supply and return leaks, convert to operating pressures, or isolate leaksto outside from those to inside.8.2 Procedure for Test Method A: Air Flow Difference: Test Method A has four parts to the test:(1) Building pressurized, blower off.(2) Bu
