1、Designation: E1554/E1554M 13 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Methods forDetermining Air Leakage of Air Distribution Systems by FanPressurization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1554/E1554M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or
2、, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The test methods included in this standard are applicableto the air distributio
3、n systems in low-rise residential andcommercial buildings.1.2 These test methods cover four techniques for measuringthe air leakage of air distribution systems. The techniques useair flow and pressure measurements to determine the leakagecharacteristics.1.3 The test methods for two of the techniques
4、 also specifythe auxiliary measurements needed to characterize the magni-tude of the distribution system air leakage during normaloperation.1.4 A test method for the total recirculating air flow inducedby the system blower is included so that the air distributionsystem leakage can be normalized as i
5、s often required forenergy calculations.1.5 The proper use of these test methods requires knowl-edge of the principles of air flow and pressure measurements.1.6 Three of these test methods are intended to produce ameasure of the air leakage from the air distribution system tooutside. The other test
6、method measures total air leakageincluding air leaks to inside conditioned space.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of t
7、he other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and e
8、nvironmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Prin
9、ciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE779 Test Method for DeterminingAir Leakage Rate by
10、 FanPressurizationE1258 Test Method for Airflow Calibration of Fan Pressur-ization Devices2.2 ASME Standard:3MFC-3M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using OrificeNozzle and Venturi3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms related tobuilding construction used in these test metho
11、ds, refer toTerminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 building envelopethe boundary or barrier separatingthe interior volume of a building from the outside environment.Even when a garage is conditioned, for this standard it isconsidered to be outside the building enve
12、lope.3.2.2 blowerthe air moving device for a forced air spaceconditioning and/or ventilation system.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Four alternative measurement and analysis methods arespecified and labeled A through D, Test Methods A and B giveseparate values for supply and return leakage to outside.
13、 TestMethods C and D do not separate supply and return leakage.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41on Air Leakage and Ventilation Performance.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Pub
14、lished July 2018. Originally approvedin 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E1554/E1554M 13. DOI:10.1520/E1554_E1554M-13R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume in
15、formation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
16、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Tr
17、ade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Test Methods A, B, and C determine leakage to outside, butTest Method D measures total leakage, including leakage toinside. Test Method A is based upon changes in flow throughdistribution system leaks to outside due to blower operationove
18、r a range of envelope pressure differences. The envelopepressure differences are generated by a separate air moving fanand both pressurization and depressurization measurements areperformed. Test Methods B and C are based upon pressurizingthe distribution system at the same time as the building in o
19、rderto isolate the leaks that are outside the building envelope. ForTest Method B, measured system operating pressures are thenused to estimate leakage under operating conditions. TestMethod C determines the leakage to outside at a uniformreference pressure of 25 Pa 0.1 in. of water instead ofoperat
20、ing pressure, and does not separate supply and returnleaks. Test Methods B and C are shown schematically in Fig.1 and Fig. 2. Unlike Methods A, B, and C, Method D does notattempt to measure the leakage to outside under normaloperating conditions, but measures the total system leakage ata uniform ref
21、erence pressure of 25 Pa 0.1 in. of water. Theschematic in Fig. 3 applies to Method D.4.2 These test methods also include specifications for theauxiliary measurements to interpret the air leakage measure-ments.5. Significance and Use5.1 Air leakage between an air distribution system andunconditioned
22、 spaces affects the energy losses from the distri-bution system, the ventilation rate of the building, and the entryrate of air pollutants.5.2 The determination of infiltration energy loads and ven-tilation rates of residences and small commercial buildings aretypically based on the assumption that
23、the principal drivingforces for infiltration and ventilation are the wind and indoor/outdoor temperature differences. This can be an inappropriateFIG. 1 Schematic of Method BDistribution System and Building Pressurization Test (for Supply Leakage)E1554/E1554M 13 (2018)2assumption for buildings that
24、have distribution systems thatpass through unconditioned spaces, because the existence ofrelatively modest leakage from that system has a relativelylarge impact on overall ventilation rates. The air leakagecharacteristics of these exterior distribution systems are neededto determine their ventilatio
25、n, energy, and pollutant-entryimplications.5.3 Air leakage through the exterior air distribution enve-lope may be treated in the same manner as air leakage in thebuilding envelope as long as the system is not operating (seeTest Method E779). However, when the system blower is on,the pressures across
26、 the air distribution system leaks areusually significantly larger than those driving natural infiltra-tion. Depending on the size of the leaks, these pressures caninduce much larger flows than natural infiltration. Thus, it isimportant to be able to isolate these leaks from buildingenvelope leaks.
27、The leakage of air distribution systems must bemeasured in the field, because it has been shown that work-manship and installation details are more important than designin determining the leakage of these systems.5.4 For codes, standards, and other compliance or qualitycontrol applications, the prec
28、ision and repeatability at meetinga specified target (for example, air flow at reference pressure)is more important than air leakage flows at operating condi-tions. Some existing codes, standards, and voluntary programsrequire the use of a simpler test method (Test Method D) thatdoes not separate su
29、pply from return leakage, leakage to insidefrom leakage to outside, or estimate leakage pressures atoperating conditions.5.5 Test Methods A, B, and C can be used for energy usecalculations and compliance and quality control applications.Test Method D is intended for use in compliance and qualitycont
30、rol only.FIG. 2 Schematic of Method CDistribution System Pressurization TestE1554/E1554M 13 (2018)36. Apparatus6.1 The following description of apparatus is general innature. Any arrangement of equipment using the same prin-ciples and capable of performing the test procedure within theallowable tole
31、rances is permitted. The items are labeled foreach test method.6.2 Major Components:6.2.1 Air-Moving Equipment (A, B, and C)A fan, blower,or blower door assembly that is capable of moving air into andout of the building at the flow rates required to create the fullrange of test pressure differences.
32、 The air moving equipmentshall be able to accomplish both pressurization and depressur-ization of the building and distribution system.6.2.2 Air Flow-Regulating System (A, B, and C)A devicesuch as a damper or variable speed motor control to regulateand maintain air flow through the air moving equipm
33、ent (see6.2.1).6.2.3 Air Flow Measuring Device (A)Adevice to measureairflow with an accuracy of 65 % of the measured flowthrough air moving equipment in 6.2.1. The air flow measuringsystem shall be calibrated in accordance with Test MethodE1258 or ASME MFC-3M, whichever is applicable. Thetemperature
34、 dependence and range of the calibration shall beexplicitly reported.6.2.4 Distribution System Flow Measurement Device (B, C,and D)A device to measure airflow with an accuracy of65 % of the measured flow. The airflow measuring systemshall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method E1258 orASME MFC
35、-3M, whichever is applicable. The temperaturedependence and range of the calibration shall be explicitlyreported.6.2.5 Pressure-Measuring Device (All methods)A deviceto measure pressure differences with an accuracy of 60.25 Pa60.001 in. of water or 61 % of measured pressure, which-ever is greater.6.
36、2.6 Distribution System Pressure Measuring Probe (B, C,and D)A probe to measure the static pressure within adistribution system under flow conditions.6.2.7 Air Temperature Measuring Device (Allmethods)To give an accuracy of 60.5 C 0.9 F.7. Hazards7.1 Glass should not break at the pressure difference
37、snormally applied to the building, however, protective eye wearshall be provided to personnel.7.2 When conducted in the field, safety equipment requiredfor general field work shall be supplied, such as safety shoes,hard hats, and so forth.7.3 Because air-moving equipment is involved in this test, ap
38、roper guard or cage to house the fan or blower and to preventaccidental access to any moving parts of the equipment shall beprovided.7.4 Hearing protection shall be provided for personnel whowork close to noises such as those generated by moving air.7.5 When the blower or fan is operating, a large v
39、olume ofair is being forced into or out of the building, the air-distribution system, or both. Precautions shall be undertakensuch that plants, pets, occupants, or internal furnishings shallnot be damaged due to the influx of cold or warm air. Similarprecautions shall be exercised with respect to su
40、cking debris orexhaust gases from fireplaces and flues into the interior of theFIG. 3 Example of Air-Flow Difference and Envelope Pressure Plot for Test Method A.1E1554/E1554M 13 (2018)4building extinguishing pilot lights, flame rollout for combus-tion appliances and drawing sewer gas into the build
41、ing.8. Procedure8.1 GeneralThe basic procedure involves pressurizationand depressurization of air distribution systems and buildingswith concurrent flow and pressure measurements to determinethe air leakage of the distribution system.8.1.1 Test Method A (Flow Difference) for Air LeakageDetermination
42、This technique is based upon changing theflow through distribution system leaks by operating the blowerfan and simultaneously pressurizing (or depressurizing) thebuilding envelope and distribution system. There are twoalternatives for gathering the required test data utilizing thesame analysis proce
43、dure. Test MethodA.1 records data at fixedenvelope pressure stations. Test Method A.2 records datacontinuously as the envelope air flows and pressure aregradually changed by the envelope air moving equipment. Theblower speed and heating or cooling function shall be the samefor all steps of the test
44、procedure.8.1.2 Test Method B: Fan Pressurization of DistributionSystem and Building for Air Leakage DeterminationThistechnique is based upon sealing the registers of the distributionsystem and pressurizing the system to measure the flowthrough the leaks at the imposed pressure difference. With theb
45、uilding pressurized to the same pressure, this test isolates theleaks that are to outside only. Measurements of system oper-ating pressures allow the leakage flow at the fixed test pressureto be converted to the leakage flow at operating pressures.Often air distribution systems are located outside t
46、he condi-tioned space of a building, but are not completely outside.Example locations include attics, crawlspaces, and garages.These locations are defined as buffer zones.8.1.3 Test Method C: Fan Pressurization of DistributionSystem and Building for Air Leakage Determination at aDetermination at a R
47、eference PressureThis technique isbased upon sealing the registers of the distribution system andpressurizing the system to measure the flow through the leaksat a reference pressure difference of 25 Pa 0.1 in. of water.With the building pressurized to the same pressure, this testisolates the leaks t
48、hat are to outside only, but does not separatesupply and return leaks or convert results to operating pres-sures.8.1.4 Test Method D: Fan Pressurization of DistributionSystem for Total Air Leakage DeterminationThis technique isbased upon sealing the registers of the distribution system andpressurizi
49、ng the system to measure the flow through the leaksat the imposed pressure difference. The result is a totaldistribution system leakage at a single reference pressuredifference of 25 Pa 0.1 in. of water. This test does notseparate supply and return leaks, convert to operatingpressures, or isolate leaks to outside from those to inside.8.2 Procedure for Test Method A: Air Flow Difference: TestMethod A has four parts to the test:(1) Building pressurized, blower off.(2) Building pressurized, blower on.(3) Building depressurized, blower on.(4) Building
