1、Designation: E 1575 08Standard Practice forPressure Water Cleaning and Cutting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1575; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the personnel requirements, opera-tor training, operating procedures, and recommended equip-ment performance/design for the prope
3、r operation of all typesof pressure water-jet cleaning and cutting equipment as nor-mally used by industries concerned with construction, mainte-nance, repair, cleaning, cutting, and demolition work.1.2 The term high-pressure water jetting covers all waterjetting, including the use of additives or a
4、brasives at pressuresabove 100.5 psig (0.69 MPa).1.3 Any person required to operate or maintain pressurewater-jetting equipment shall have been trained and havedemonstrated the ability and knowledge to do so in accordancewith the original equipment manufacturers instructions, speci-fications, and tr
5、aining programs.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standar
6、d to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Notes 1-8 andSections 8 and 11 for specific hazards statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI/IEEE Standard:2957-1987 IEEE Guide for Cleaning Insulators3. Terminology
7、3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 dump system, nthe discharge orifice operator-controlled, manually operated device or system that reducesthe pressure to a level that yields a pressure flow at the nozzlethat is considerably below the risk threshold.3.1.2 guard, nshould be so d
8、esigned, constructed andused that it will:(a) provide positive protection;(b) prevent all access to the danger zone during operations;(c) cause the operator no discomfort or inconvenience;(d) not interfere unnecessarily with production;(e) operate automatically or with minimum effort;(f) be suitable
9、 for the job and the machine;(g) preferably constitute a design, integral built-in feature;(h) provide for machine oiling, inspection, adjustment andrepair;(i) withstand long use with minimum maintenance;(j) be durable, fire- and corrosion-resistant;(k) not constitute a hazard by themselves (without
10、 splinters,sharp corners, rough edges, or other sources of accidents); and(1) protect against foreseeable use and foreseeable misuse ofoperational contingencies, not merely against normally ex-pected hazards as determined from a job safety analysis3.1.3 high-pressure water cleaning, vthe use of high
11、-pressure water, with or without the addition of other liquids orsolid particles, to remove unwanted matter from varioussurfaces, where the pressure of the liquid jet exceeds 100.5 psig(0.69 MPa) at the orifice.NOTE 1Warning: The limit of 100.5 psig (0.69 MPa) does not meanthat pressures below 100.5
12、 psig (0.69 MPa) cannot cause injury or requireany less attention to the principles of this practice. Adequate precautions,similar to those of this practice, are required at all pressures.3.1.4 high-pressure water cutting, vthe use of high-pressure water, with or without the addition of other liquid
13、s orsolid particles, to penetrate into the surface of a material for thepurpose of cutting that material, where the pressure of theliquid jet exceeds 100.5 psig (0.69 MPa) at the orifice.3.1.5 hose assembly, na hose with safety coupling at-tached in accordance with manufacturers specifications.3.1.6
14、 lance, na rigid metal tube used to extend the nozzlefrom the end of the hose.3.1.7 lancing, van application whereby a lance and nozzlecombination is inserted into, and retracted from, the interior ofa pipe or tubular product.3.1.8 moleing, van application whereby a hose fittedeither with a nozzle o
15、r with a nozzle attached to a lance isinserted into, and retracted from, the interior of a tubularproduct. It is a system commonly intended for cleaning the1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa-tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommitt
16、ee E34.03 onHigh Pressure Water Cleaning.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 1575 - 98, whichwas withdrawn January 2007 and reinstated in October 2008.2Available from American National Standards Instit
17、ute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.internal surfaces of tubes, pipes, or drains. It can be self-propelled by its backward directed jets and is
18、manufactured invarious shapes, sizes, and combinations of forward- andbackward-directed jets.3.1.9 nozzle, na device with one or more openings wherethe fluid discharges from the system. The nozzle restricts thearea of flow of the fluid, accelerating the water to the requiredvelocity and shaping it t
19、o the required flow pattern anddistribution for a particular application. Combinations of for-ward and backward nozzles are often used to balance thethrust. Such nozzles are commonly referred to as tips, jets,orifices, etc.3.1.10 operator, na person who has been trained inaccordance with the origina
20、l manufacturers instructional train-ing program and has demonstrated the knowledge, experience,and ability to perform the assigned task.3.1.11 operator trainee, na person not fully qualified dueto the lack of sufficient knowledge or experience, or both, toperform the assigned task without supervisio
21、n.3.1.12 pressure water jet system, nwater delivery systemsthat have nozzles or other openings whose function is toincrease the speed of liquids that may cause injury. Solidparticles or additional chemicals may also be introduced, butthe exit in all cases will be in a free stream. The system shallin
22、clude the pumps (pressure-producing devices), hoses, lances,nozzles, valves, safety devices, and personal protective equip-ment, as well as any heating elements or injection systems,attached thereto.3.1.13 shotgunning, nan application whereby a lance ornozzle combination can be manipulated in virtua
23、lly all planesof operation.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is intended to provide guidance on theproper operation of pressure water-jet cleaning and cuttingequipment.4.2 This practice is also applicable at lower pressures wherethere is foreseeable risk of injury.4.3 This practice is provide
24、d to assist persons unfamiliarwith the operation of water-jet cleaning and cutting equipmentin learning to correctly use the equipment.4.4 Correct operation and use of the pressure water-jetcleaning and cutting equipment is the responsibility of theoperator and employer. After the operator has famil
25、iarizedhimself with the identification of pressure metal fittings, hoses,guns, and accessories in accordance with the original equip-ment manufacturers specifications, instructions, and pro-grammed instructional material, hydrojetting may begin.Modification of water-jetting equipment shall not be do
26、newithout prior written approval by the manufacturer of theequipment. Employees shall be instructed in the recognitionand avoidance of unsafe conditions.NOTE 2Warning: Serious harm or injury may result from the misuseof water-jetting equipment and the use of improper fittings, hoses, orattachments.4
27、.5 The use of pressure water-jet equipment for cutting andcleaning is a rapidly evolving technology. This practice will beperiodically reviewed for any required changes at least everyfive years.5. Apparatus5.1 Pressurizing PumpA unit designed to deliver pressurewater or other fluid with or without c
28、hemicals or particlematerial. This is usually based on positive displacement pistonsor rubber diaphragm/hydraulic systems and discharges waterinto a common manifold in which either flexible hoses or rigidtubing connect to lances and nozzles. These pumps can beeither mobile or permanently mounted.5.1
29、.1 The pump shall have permanently mounted identifi-cation plates or tags which provide the following information:5.1.1.1 Product and supplier,5.1.1.2 Production model and serial number, or year ofproduction,5.1.1.3 Maximum performance, in terms of gallons perminute and pressure in pound-force per s
30、quare inch, and5.1.1.4 An outline of recommended safety procedures andwarnings.5.2 Relief SystemThe system shall be equipped with anautomatic relief device on the discharge side of the pump andan auxiliary relief dump device as part of the pump.5.3 Relief System-TypesThese may take the form of thefo
31、llowing:5.3.1 Pressure Relief Valve or Bursting Disk in HolderUsually mounted on the pump discharge chamber to preventthe pressure exceeding the rated maximum pressure of thewhole system.5.3.2 Automatic Pressure Regulating Valve (UnloadingValve)Limits the pressure at which the pump operates byreleas
32、ing a preset proportion of the generated flow back to thepump suction chamber or to waste. It may be used to regulatethe water pressure from the pump and is individually set foreach operation. This device may be integral with the pumphydraulic assembly. Where there is no demand for pumpage,the press
33、ure is brought down to zero.5.3.3 Bypass ValveLimits the pressure at which the pumpoperates by releasing a preset proportion of the generated flowback to the pump suction chamber or to waste. It may be usedto regulate the water pressure from the pump and is individu-ally set for each operation. This
34、 device may be integral with thepump hydraulic assembly.5.4 Pressure GageThe system shall be equipped with agage indicating the pressure being developed. Gages shall havea scale range of at least 50 % above the maximum workingpressure of the system.5.5 Filter or StrainerThe water system shall be equ
35、ippedwith a filter or strainer to prevent particles from restricting theorifices in the nozzle. The strainer or filter shall be capable ofremoving particles smaller in size than the smallest orifice inthe nozzle and usually smaller to protect pumps and othercomponents.5.6 Dry Shut-Off Control ValveT
36、his operator-controlledvalve, normally hand-controlled, automatically shuts off flowto the lance or nozzle assembly, or both, when released by theoperator but retains the operating pressure within the supplyE1575082line when so shut off. This valve shall be used in systems withan automatic pressure
37、regulating valve.5.6.1 Release the pressure in the dry shut-off valve and linewhen the pump is shut down; otherwise, the valve operatinglever may remain alive. This valve may alternatively beactuated by solenoid or pilot pressure mechanism.5.7 Dump SystemThe system should be equipped with adevice th
38、at will either shut down the unit, idle it to lowrevolutions per minute, bypass the flow, or reduce the dis-charge pressure to a low level. The dump system shall bemanually controlled only by the nozzle orifice operator. Thedump system actuator device should be shielded to precludeinadvertent operat
39、ion. This device shall immediately shut offthe pressure water stream if the operator loses control.5.7.1 Dump Control ValveAn operator-controlled valve,normally hand-operated, that automatically terminates signifi-cant flow to the lance or nozzle assembly, or both, whenreleased by the nozzle operato
40、r, thus relieving the operatingpressure within the whole system by diverting the flowproduced by the pump to atmosphere. A valve size should beselected that will not cause generation of significant backpressure at the maximum possible pumping rate of the pump.This valve may alternatively be actuated
41、 by a solenoid or apilot pressure mechanism.5.7.2 Solenoid and Electrically Operated Control DumpSystemsAll electrically controlled dump systems should beof fail-safe design.NOTE 3Warning: Voltage of an alternatingcurrent (ac) or directcur-rent (dc) dump system handled by personnel shall not exceed
42、24 V.5.8 High-Pressure HoseA flexible hose that connects twocomponents and delivers the high-pressure fluid to the gun ornozzle components. The hose shall have a burst rating of aminimum of 2.5 times the maximum working pressure. Oper-ating levels below this ratio should require a protectiveshieldin
43、g around that hose. The hose shall be marked with themanufacturers symbol, serial number, the maximum permis-sible operating pressure, and the test pressure. High-pressurehose shall be tested at 2.5 times working pressure in accor-dance with the original equipment operators specifications,test metho
44、ds instructions, and training programs.5.9 End Fittings and CouplingsPressure hose end fittingsand safety couplings shall be manufactured to be compatiblewith the hose and tested as a unit.5.10 Jetting Gun ExtensionA length or lengths of tubecarrying pressure fluid to the nozzle. Each shall be manuf
45、ac-tured from material suitable to the application. End connec-tions shall be suitable for the application. The extension is usedin conjunction with a control valve. The extension shall have aminimum burst strength of at least 2.5 times the highest actualoperating pressure used.5.11 NozzleThe nozzle
46、 creates the water jet or jets at therequired velocity, flow rate, pressure, shape, and distributionfor a particular application. Combinations of forward andbackward direct water jets are often used to balance the thrust.Such nozzles may be referred to as tips, jets, or orifices.NOTE 4Precaution: Pe
47、rsonal protective equipment and nozzle guardshall be provided.5.12 Water JetA jet stream of water produced from theindividual outlet orifice of a nozzle. The shape of the jet isdetermined by the form of the orifice, while the speed at whichit travels is determined by the orifice design, orifice area
48、, andflow. The pressure drop at the orifice is a result of an increasein velocity. The two most commonly used jet shapes are thestraight-jet and fan-shaped jet.5.12.1 Straight JetConcentrates the stream of water overa small area of the workpiece by minimizing the spread. Atypical application is for
49、cutting, or for general cleaning ofmatter with higher shear or bond strength, or both.5.12.2 Fan JetSpreads the stream of water in one plane,thus giving a wide band coverage of the workpiece. A typicalapplication is for cleaning larger areas requiring less energy toremove unwanted matter.5.13 Jetting Hand Manifold and Spray BarsThese arepieces of equipment which individual nozzles are fitted forprotection of the workmen.5.14 Foot Control ValveThe orifice operators controlvalve may be arranged for actuation by the operators foot ifdesired, ei
