1、Designation: E 1593 06Standard Guide forAssessing the Efficacy of Air Care Products in ReducingSensorly Perceived Indoor Air Malodor Intensity1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1593; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers standard procedures for the quantita-tive sensory assessment of per
3、ceived olfactory intensity ofindoor malodors for the purpose of assessing the deodorantefficacy of air care products. This guide is limited to staticconditions only.1.2 It is recognized that, sometimes desirable, the use ofactual “live” malodors is often impractical due to the inherentvariability of
4、 the malodor sources. A true malodor source maybe used when practical. However, the use of a formulated odorsource has several advantages, including consistency andavailability.1.3 The reader should be aware of good sensory practiceswhen preparing the test environment or substrate, developingand tra
5、ining the panel.1.4 The researcher is responsible for identifying the mostappropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical toolto address the experimental design.1.5 This guide is a compendium of information or series ofoptions that does not recommend a specific course of action.This gu
6、ide is not intended to support claims. If the researchobjective is claim related, then the researcher needs to refer toGuide E 1958.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establ
7、ish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 6 and X3.6.3.7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 253 Terminology Relating to Sensory Evaluation of Ma-terials and P
8、roductsE 544 Practices for Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Inten-sityE 1958 Guide for Sensory Claim Substantiation2.2 ASTM Special Technical Publications.3MNL 26, Sensory Testing Methods (revision of STP 434Manual on Sensory Testing Methods)STP 758, Guidelines for the Selection and Training ofSensor
9、y Panel MembersSTP 913, Physical Requirement Guidelines for SensoryEvaluation Laboratories3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For other definitions, see Terminology E 253.3.1.2 activation timethe length of time that a product ispermitted to be exposed in a chamber prior to evaluation byassessors.3.1
10、.3 assessora general term for any individual respond-ing to a stimuli in a sensory test.3.1.4 malodoran olfactory stimulus that, when detected,is considered unpleasant or undesirable by the target popula-tion.3.1.5 malodor controla test sample or experimental treat-ment consisting of a chamber conta
11、ining a malodor withoutany additional malodor reducing treatment.3.1.6 malodor reduction effcacythe degree to which aproduct treatment or process reduces perceived malodor inten-sity.3.1.7 maskingthe reduction or elimination of olfactoryperception of a defined odor stimulus by means of anotherodorou
12、s substance without the physical removal or chemicalalteration of the defined stimulus from the environment.3.1.8 panela group of assessors chosen to participate in asensory test.3.1.9 product controla treatment consisting of a chambercontaining product only.3.1.10 spray timethe length of time in se
13、conds for whichan air care product is sprayed with the actuator depressed fully.3.1.11 synthetic modela mixture of chemical componentsused to represent an odor.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on SensoryEvaluation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.07 on
14、PersonalCare and Household Evaluation.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 1593 94 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm
15、.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, POBox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
16、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.12 trained assessoran assessor with a high degree ofsensory acuity and has experience in the test procedure and anestablished ability to make consistent and repeated sensoryassessments. A trained assessor functions as a member of asensory pa
17、nel.3.1.13 treatmentwithin this guide, treatment refers to theact or manner in which one treats the area or applies to asubstrate for testing.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This practice is limited to the assessment of a specificmalodor intensity by trained assessors under controlled labo-ratory conditions.
18、 Methods that reflect actual consumer envi-ronmental conditions are valid for selected sensory tasks, butthey may be less sensitive. Methods that include highlycontrolled environmental conditions will increase the chancesof detecting small differences among treatments. The degree ofcontrol of extran
19、eous experimental factors in an experiment isvariable and is governed by the purpose of the test, amount ofresources available to provide that degree of control, anddesired level of statistical sensitivity (see Appendix X3).4.2 The procedures described herein provide for the selec-tion and training
20、of individuals to perform the functions oftrained assessors, and for the presentation of treated or un-treated samples, or both, to these trained assessors, in order toevoke an assessment of perceived malodor intensity. Theseassessments are performed under controlled conditions in orderto determine
21、the effect of a given product in reducing themalodor intensity.4.3 Air care products should be tested in a manner thatmaximizes test sensitivity while remaining consistent withnormal product usage.5. Significance and Use5.1 The purpose of this guide is to assess the ability of aircare products to re
22、duce indoor air malodor intensity from acontrol state. Several experimental hypotheses are possible,depending on the objective of the test. Possible objectives withrespective hypotheses are given in Appendix X1.5.2 Air care products are sold commercially with the intentof providing a means of improv
23、ing the odor quality of avolume of air, relative to some existing environmental condi-tion. This typically involves the application of an odoroussubstance into the air space by means of some mechanical orphysical mechanisms (for example, air fresheners). When theexisting environment includes some un
24、desirable odor source ormalodor, reduction of the perception of the malodor is usuallyaccomplished with other odorous substances by masking. Thisprocedure is also applicable to other mechanisms of odorreduction (for example, air filtration).5.3 Selection of representative malodor sources is ofcritic
25、al importance. The malodor source must be readilyavailable and of a consistent odor quality. A reasonablemalodor source should be chemically and aesthetically correct.The experimenter and client must agree upon the appropriate-ness of a malodor source before further details of the testdesign are wor
26、ked out. Experimental variation will be reducedby using uniform malodor sources. Information collected onmalodor reduction will thus be more comparable from experi-ment to experiment and from laboratory to laboratory.5.4 The procedure recommended can be used for assess-ment of the malodor efficacy o
27、f air care product (for example,air fresheners and air filtration).5.5 These procedures can be used to assess efficacy againstany standard malodor.5.6 These procedures are applicable in the assessment ofany products that reduce the perception of any malodor,regardless of the mode of action.5.7 These
28、 procedures are applicable to aerosol/spray andcontinuous/solid air freshener products, including candles. Itshould be noted that while aerosol/spray and continuous/solidand candle product evaluations are fundamentally the same,different techniques may be necessary because of inherentdifferences in
29、the product delivery systems.5.8 These procedures are applicable to other air care prod-ucts, including absorption, chemical reaction, and particulateremoval.5.9 This guide is designed for use for product researchguidance in product formulation and new product develop-ment, and for quality control i
30、ssues.6. Precautions6.1 Extreme care should be taken when handling andpreparing samples under conditions that will maintain theodorless state of the laboratory area.6.2 Appropriate safety precautions should be taken whenhandling all chemical compounds.7. Selection of Assessors7.1 PurposeThe purpose
31、of this series of tests is to screenpotential assessors for a malodor efficacy panel. The screeningdetermines olfactory acuity, specific anosmia to malodorants,interest, and, if so, availability for testing. It is very importantto know if your assessors have any anosmias and, if so, to whatparticula
32、r odors. This will allow them to be excused fromevaluating odor control products used against that particularodor. This screening of potential assessors should be dividedinto two phases (interview and testing). The two phases shouldbe conducted as separate sessions (see STP 758 for panelistassessors
33、 selection considerations).7.2 Panelist RecruitmentIn order to ensure an adequatenumber of assessors for testing, a larger number should berecruited. This is to offset the attrition experienced in inter-viewing, testing, and training based on the assumption thatroughly half the number of recruits wi
34、ll fail. A final number ofassessors should be selected in advance. A panel size of 20 istypically recommended for a scaling experiment. Refer toASTM MNL 26 or Kraemer andThieman (1),4or both, for otherconsiderations affecting sample size.7.3 Interview (15 min)During the interview, it is impor-tant t
35、hat the trained assessors fully understand the nature of thetesting for which he/she is volunteering, including the types ofmalodors to be used in malodor testing. If the potential assessor4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.E1593062does no
36、t feel he/she can overcome any negative biases inexperiencing such malodors, they should not participate. Inaddition, he/she should be made aware of and agree to the timecommitment expected, scheduling of testing, and “good testingpractices” such as the following: refraining from smoking forat least
37、 1 h before testing, refraining from wearing perfume orafter-shave on the day of testing, and so forth. A shortquestionnaire regarding the persons physical health should beadministered to determine whether the candidate has nasal orupper respiratory allergies, asthma, or is prone to frequentcolds. T
38、hese conditions may result in a decrease in anassessors sensitivity and performance.7.4 TestingThe key concept in this phase of screening isto ensure that the panel is able to (1) discriminate, and (2)detect the designated malodorant(s). A sequential analysistechnique is one way to accomplish this (
39、2).7.4.1 Recruits should be tested to determine their ability todetect and discriminate the malodors of interest. Appropriatetesting methods for assessing ability include discrimination,ranking, or intensity scaling, or a combination thereof.7.4.2 The malodorant(s) in question should be the focus of
40、the screening. Several concentrations of each of the malodor-ant(s) should be chosen for this testing. The concentrationsshould be representative of intensities experienced duringregular malodor efficacy testing to include high and low levels.7.4.3 Selected concentrations of each of the malodorantss
41、hould be presented to recruits in a manner consistent with thedifference testing procedure described in ASTM MNL 26.7.4.4 The selection of assessors should first rest on theresults of the acuity testing. Additional subjective tests forselected assessors may be necessary to accept or reject them(that
42、 is, attitude, timeliness, and compliance). If the number ofrecruits is greater than required, the additional subjectiveinformation gained from the interview process should beapplied.8. Training of Panel8.1 PurposeThe purpose of the experimental proceduresdiscussed here is to recommend a program of
43、training for agroup of qualified individuals to perform malodor efficacyassessments.8.2 Panel training is accomplished in three phases: (1)orientation, (2) mock deodorancy studies, and (3) regularmonitoring of panelist performance (see STP 758 for paneltraining considerations).8.2.1 OrientationA bri
44、ef orientation session should beheld for the trainees. The objective of the orientation is tofamiliarize the assessors with the task of evaluating malodorefficacy as objectively as possible in order to reduce theexperimental error. Orientation should include introducing theassessors to each other an
45、d to test personnel involved inconducting malodor efficacy, explaining the purpose of mal-odor efficacy testing in the company, orienting and trainingassessors to the selected rating scale, discussing typical testingprocedures, describing assessors responsibilities, and provid-ing a tour of the faci
46、lities used to conduct malodor efficacytesting.8.2.2 Mock Effcacy StudyOne or more mock studies maybe arranged to give the assessors the opportunity to practicemaking efficacy evaluations. Products for testing should haveknown differences and may include all types of air careproducts. The study may
47、be similar to an actual efficacy test inorder to smooth the transition from training to regular testing.Assessors should be given the opportunity to practice anddemonstrate the ability to make odor intensity judgments. Inaddition, through discussion and feedback, assessors should betrained to “smell
48、 through” any extraneous odor(s), such as thefragrance of the product, to evaluate malodor intensity. Indi-vidual assessor performance can be monitored during thetraining phase by analyzing for individual assessor variability.Individuals who exhibit errant results should undergo addi-tional training
49、 and monitoring. However, repeated underper-formers should be dropped from the panel.8.2.3 ReplicationsThe number of replications obtainedvaries with the degree of experience of the panel. A group thatis being used for the first time or is in the orientation stage mayrequire more replications. The task, the intensity of themalodor, the test facility capacity, and the olfactory fatigue allneed to be considered when determining the number ofreplications. A minimum of two replications is required inorder to ensure that the data are reproducible and one canmonito
