1、Designation: E 1606 09Standard Practice forElectromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Examination of CopperRedraw Rod for Electrical Purposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1606; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedures that shall be fol-lowed in electromagnetic (eddy-current) exami
3、nation of copperredraw rods for detecting discontinuities or imperfections of aseverity likely to cause failure or markedly impair surfacequality of the rod. These procedures are applicable for con-tinuous lengths of redraw rod in diameters from14 to 138 in.(6.4 to 35 mm) suitable for further fabric
4、ation into electricalconductors.1.2 This practice covers redraw rod made from tough-pitchor oxygen-free coppers.1.3 The procedures described in this practice are based onmethods for making use of stationary encircling annular testcoil systems.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regar
5、dedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathemati-cal conversions to SI units that are provided for informationonly and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
6、 user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Exa
7、minations2.2 ASNT Standards:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing3ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel32.3 AIA Standard:NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestru
8、ctiveTesting Personnel43. Terminology3.1 Standard terminology relating to electromagnetic ex-amination may be found in Terminology E 1316, Section C:Electromagnetic Testing.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Examination is performed by passing the rod lengthwisethrough a coil energized with alternating curre
9、nt at a fixedfrequency. The electrical impedance of the coil is affected byrod vibrations, rod dimensions, electrical conductivity of therod material, and metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities inthe rod surface. During passage of the rod, the changes inimpedance caused by these variables in th
10、e rod produceelectrical signals that are processed so as to actuate an audio,visual, or electrical signaling device or mechanical marker thatproduces a record.5. Significance and Use5.1 Eddy-current examination is a nondestructive method oflocating surface discontinuities in a product. Signals can b
11、eproduced by discontinuities located on the surface of the rod.Since the density of eddy-currents decreases nearly exponen-tially as the distance from the surface increases, deep-seateddefects may be undetected.5.2 Some indications obtained by this practice may not berelevant to product quality. For
12、 example, a signal may becaused by minute flaws or irregularities, by anomalies in thematerial, or by other factors such as operator error, or acombination thereof, that are not detrimental to the end use ofthe product. Nonrelevant indications can mask unacceptablediscontinuities. On the other hand,
13、 relevant indications arethose that may result from nonacceptable discontinuities andshould be determined by agreement between the user and the1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 onElectroma
14、gnetic Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 1606 - 99(2004)1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
15、 of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.4Available from Aerospace Industries Association of
16、America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.supplier. Any indication that is believed to be irrelevant shallbe regarded as una
17、cceptable until it is demonstrated byreexamination or other means to be nonrelevant.6. Basis of Application6.1 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contractualagreement, personnel performing examinations to this practiceshall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognizednondestructiv
18、e testing (NDT) personnel qualification practiceor standard, such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar document and certified by the employer orcertifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard usedand its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractualagreement
19、between the using parties.6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing AgenciesIfspecified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall bequalified and evaluated as described in Practice E 543. Theapplicable edition of Practice E 543 shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.7. Apparatus7.1
20、Electronic Apparatus, capable of energizing the test coilwith alternating currents of suitable frequencies (for example,in the range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz), and capable of sensing thechanges in the electrical impedance of the coils. Electricalsignals produced in this manner are processed so as to actu
21、atean audio, electrical, or visual signaling device or mechanicalmarker that produces a record.7.2 Test Coils, capable of inducing currents in the rod andsensing changes in the electrical characteristics of the rod. Thetest coil diameter should be selected to yield the largestpractical fill factor.7
22、.3 Driving MechanismAmechanical means shall be usedfor passing the standardization rod through the test coil withminimum vibration of the test coil or rod. The device shallmaintain the rod substantially concentric with the electricalcenter of the test coil. A constant speed (65.0 % of the actualrod
23、speed) shall be maintained.8. Standards8.1 Artificial Discontinuity Standard:8.1.1 The standardization rod used when adjusting thesensitivity setting of the apparatus shall be selected from atypical production run and shall be representative of thepurchasers order. Furthermore, it shall be processed
24、 subse-quently into a mechanically shaved or machined condition. Therods shall be passed through the test coil with the instrumentsensitivity set high enough to determine the nominal back-ground noise inherent in the rods. Any standard used shall beselected from rods exhibiting low background noise.
25、8.1.2 The artificial discontinuities shall be spaced to providesignal resolution adequate for interpretation. These artificialdiscontinuities shall be prepared with a hole drilled radiallyinto the rod in each of three successive transverse planes at 0,120, and 240, and one round bottom transverse no
26、tch on therod surface at 120 (Fig. 1).8.1.2.1 Drilled HolesThe holes shall be drilled radiallywith No. 72 drill into the rod using a suitable drill jig that hasa bushing to guide the drill, with care being taken to avoiddistortion or mechanical damage of the rod while drilling. Thediameter of the dr
27、illed hole shall be 0.025 in. (0.635 mm) andshall not vary by more than 60.001 in. (60.025 mm). Thedepth shall be 0.075 in. (1.90 mm) and shall not vary more than60.003 in. (60.076 mm).8.1.2.2 Round Bottom Transverse Notch The notch shallbe made using a suitable jig with a 0.250-in. (6.35-mm)diamete
28、r No. 4 cut, straight, round file. The rod surface shall bestroked in a substantially straight line perpendicular to itslongitudinal axis. The notch depth shall be 0.010 in. (0.25 mm)and shall not vary from the prescribed depth by more than60.001 in. (60.025 mm) when measured at the center of thenot
29、ch.8.1.2.3 The straightness of the rod should not vary morethan 60.015 in. (60.38 mm) over a 12-in. (305-mm) length.8.1.2.4 Diameter variations between the standardization rodand any other replacements should not vary more than 60.015in. (60.38 mm) of the diameter of the rod being replaced, thatis,
30、between 1.1 and 6 % variation.8.1.2.5 Other Artificial Discontinuities Discontinuities ofother contours may be used in the standardization rod bymutual agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.8.1.2.6 Electrical discharge machinery (EDM) can be usedas an alternative to drilling holes or fili
31、ng the notch, but thesame dimension tolerances must be adapted.NOTE 1A suggested length is 2 in. (51 mm). However, this space should be sufficient to provide signal resolution adequate for interpretation. Thespeed of the standardization rod through the test coil is not critical, but a range from 5 t
32、o 150 ft/min (1.5 to 45.72 m/min) is recommended.FIG. 1 Standards With Three Holes and One NotchE16060928.2 Other StandardsOther standards may be used bymutual agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.58.2.1 Artificial discontinuities are not intended to be repre-sentative of natural discont
33、inuities or produce a direct relation-ship between instrument response and discontinuity severity;they are intended only for establishing sensitivity levels asoutlined in Section 9. The relationship between instrumentresponse and discontinuity size, shape, and location is impor-tant and should be es
34、tablished separately, particularly as relatedto test frequency.9. Adjustment and Standardization of ApparatusSensitivity9.1 The rod manufacturer shall select equipment, standards,and test parameters consistent for the product, unless otherwiseagreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.9.
35、2 When using the artificial discontinuity standard, adjustthe apparatus to the lowest sensitivity required to detect all fourdiscontinuities. The rod speed maintained during standardiza-tion by the driving mechanism should be any value up toapproximately 500 ft/min (152 m/min), 6 5 % of the selected
36、speed.6A constant rod speed shall be maintained during theadjustment process.9.3 Sensitivity control settings are usually indicated byarbitrary numbers on the control panel of the testing instru-ments. These numerical settings differ among instruments ofdifferent types. It is therefore not proper to
37、 transfer numericalsettings on one instrument to those of another instrument.Sensitivity control settings may vary even among instrumentsof the same design and from the same manufacturer. Undueemphasis on the numerical value of sensitivity control settingsis not justified and shall not be used.9.4 D
38、iscard and replace the rod used as the standard whenerroneous signals are produced from mechanical, metallurgi-cal, or other damage to the standard.10. Procedure10.1 Place the standardization rod in the driving mecha-nism, and center it in the test coil at the start of the run. The rodmanufacturer m
39、ay use the artificial discontinuity standard orprepare a separate rod for this purpose in accordance with 8.1and 8.2. Pass the rod through the system and adjust its positionmechanically in the test coil such that the requirements of 9.2are satisfied.10.2 Standardize the system at the start of the ru
40、n andwhenever improper functioning of the system is suspected byrepeating 10.1.11. Keywords11.1 copper redraw rod; eddy-current examination; eddy-current testing; electromagnetic examination; electromagnetictesting; standards5Any copper-zinc-lead alloy (leaded brasses) may also be used as a referenc
41、estandard. These materials have significantly lower electrical conductivity valuescompared with tough-pitch or oxygen-free copper and therefore, have a conductivityvalue at room temperature that is comparable to that of copper rod at elevatedtemperature.6In actual production, throughput speed of the
42、 rod oftentimes exceeds this value.However, most eddy-current instruments are speed sensitive and require a filteradjustment based on rod speed. This type of equipment produces variations in signalresponse with variations in test speed. Speed-insensitive equipment provides aconstant signal response
43、with changing test speeds.E1606093APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SUGGESTED EQUIPMENT TO PASS STANDARDS THROUGH A TEST COILX1.1 Fig. X1.1 is typical of an instrument that could beused for passing a standard containing artificial discontinuitiesthrough a stationary test coil with a reciprocatin
44、g motion. Itshould be constructed so as to minimize vibrations and shouldallow the standard to pass in a straight line through the centerof the test coil.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard.
45、Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed ev
46、ery five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible tech
47、nical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
48、ken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. X1.1 Typical Instrument Arrangement With Stationary TestCoilE1606094
