1、Designation: E1638 11Standard TerminologyRelating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1638; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONParticle size analysis through the use of standard test sieves, and particle separation through the useof screening media, are commo
3、nly adopted methods of achieving desired process specificationsrelated to particles. To ensure a better understanding of sizing and separation systems and processesand to ensure appropriate comparison of data, terminology common to the processes must bedocumented and defined.For Subcommittee E29.01
4、on Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media, this is an ongoingprocess of developing new related terms. Every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, precision,and clarity for the terms included. Suggestions and comments for additions, corrections, and revisionsare welcomed.1. Scope1.1 This ter
5、minology includes all those terms used in all ofthe standards under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee E29.01.Terms are defined that are related to the manufacture ofstandard test sieves and screening media, as well as termsrelated to the methods, analysis, procedures, and equipment forsizing and sepa
6、rating particles.1.2 Committee E29 on Particle and Spray Characterizationfeels that it is essential to include terms and definitions explicitto the scope, regardless of whether the terms appear in existingASTM standards. Terms that are in common usage and appearin common-language dictionaries are ge
7、nerally not included.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE161 Specification for Precision Electroformed SievesE454 Specification for Industrial Perforated Plate andScreens (Square Opening Series)E674 Specification for Industrial
8、Perforated Plate andScreens (Round Opening Series)E2016 Specification for Industrial Woven Wire ClothE2427 Test Method for Acceptance by Performance Testingof U.S. Standard Test SievesE2589 Terminology Relating to Nonsieving Methods ofPowder Characterization2.2 ASTM Manuals:2ASTM STP 447B Manual on
9、Testing Seiving Methods3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology contains terms used in the descriptionand procedure of analysis of the size of particulate materialsthrough sieve analysis with standard testing sieves and isapplicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees.For a composite li
10、sting of published ASTM standards usingstandard testing sieves, refer to ASTM STP 447B.3.2 While some of the terms appearing in this terminologymay also be used in the description, procedure, and endproducts of production screening (either on a batch-fed orcontinuous basis), it is the intent of this
11、 terminology to presentthe definitions and usage of terms strictly in the context ofsieve analysis using standard testing sieves.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:agglomerate, ntwo or more particles adhering together.E1638aperture, nthe opening in a screening or sieving medium.E111This terminology is un
12、der the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E29 on Particleand Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E29.01on Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved
13、 in 2010 as E1638 10. DOI:10.1520/E1638-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM In
14、ternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.aperture size, nthe dimension defining an opening in ascreening or sieving medium. E11bar, nthe metal between perforations. E454, E674blank, nan unperforated area located other than along theperimeter of
15、 a plate. E454, E674bolting grade wire cloth, nwire cloth meeting a group ofspecifications that are typical for higher sifting capacitiesand which can speed the bolting action of vibratory screen-ing machines, manufactured based on using a limited num-ber of wire diameters for a large group of mesh
16、designations.E2016DISCUSSION“Bolting Grade” designations are often misused; andshould not be specified without a wire diameter, as the designationshave become non-standard.break-out, va term applied to the action that occurs ahead ofthe punch in its going through the plate. E454, E674DISCUSSIONThe f
17、racturing of the material results in a tapered holewith the small dimensions on the punch side.bulk density, nthe mass per unit volume of a material,including voids inherent in the material as tested. E1638calibration test sieve, na test sieve manufactured usingsieve cloth which has been inspected a
18、fter being mounted inthe sieve frame, and that meets the requirements in accor-dance with Specification E11, Table 1, in part based on thestandard deviation of the number of sample openings in thetest sieve (column 11) not exceeding the maximum allow-able for a confidence level of 99.73 % (column 12
19、). E11centers, nthe dimensional sum of one perforation and onebar, or the dimensional distance from the center of oneperforation to the center of an adjacent perforation.E454, E674compliance test sieve, na test sieve manufactured usingsieve cloth which has been inspected prior to being mountedin the
20、 sieve frame, and that meets the requirements inaccordance with Specification E11, Table 1, in part based onthe standard deviation of the required number of sampleopenings per 100 square feet of sieve cloth (column 7) notexceeding the maximum allowable for a confidence level of66 % (column 8). E11cr
21、imp, nthe corrugation in the warp or shute wire, or both.E11, E2016DISCUSSIONThe crimp in the wires is formed either during theweaving process, or with a crimping machine prior to weaving. Ifformed during the weaving process, the tension existing between thewarp and the shute wires fundamentally det
22、ermines the respectiveamount of depth of crimp, which locks the wires in place and in partestablishes the firmness of the sieve cloth.cumulative oversize distribution graph, na graph obtainedby plotting the total (cumulative) percentage by the massretained on each of a set of sieves versus the corre
23、spondingaperture sizes. E1638cumulative undersize distribution graph, na graph ob-tained by plotting the total (cumulative) percentage by themass passing each of a set of sieves versus the correspondingaperture sizes. E1638die side, nthe surface of the plate that was against the dieduring the punchi
24、ng operation. E454, E674double crimp wire cloth, nwire cloth woven with approxi-mately equal corrugations in both the warp and shute wiresto lock the wires in position. E11, E2016endpoint, npoint at which no more material falls through thesieve concluding the sieving, taking into account sampledegra
25、dation. E2427finished end pattern, nthe condition that occurs with somespecifications of staggered pattern perforations as a result oftool design where the pattern is completed on both ends ofthe plate. E454, E674firmness, na subjective term referring to the planar rigidityof wire cloth (as a roll g
26、ood, not mounted in a frame).E11, E2016DISCUSSIONFirmness is established by the tensile strength of thematerial, the relationship of the mesh to wire diameters, the type ofweave, and amount of crimp in the wires. The absence of firmness inwire cloth is termed sleaziness.flat top wire cloth, nwire cl
27、oth with deep crimps, as in lockcrimp, except that all crimps are on the under side of thecloth, leaving the top surface all in one plane. E2016DISCUSSIONSometimes designated smooth top.inspection test sieve, na test sieve manufactured using sievecloth which has been inspected after being mounted in
28、 thesieve frame, and that meets the requirements in accordancewith Specification E11, Table 1, in part based on the standarddeviation of the required number of sample openings in thetest sieve (column 9) not exceeding the maximum allowablefor a confidence level of 99 % (column 10). E11intermediate c
29、rimp wire cloth, nprecrimped wire clothwith extra crimps or corrugations between the points ofintersection. E2016DISCUSSIONSometimes designated intercrimp or multiple crimp.lock crimp wire cloth, nprecrimped wire cloth with deepcrimps at the points of intersection to lock the wires securelyin place.
30、 E2016margin or border, nan unperforated area located along theperimeter of a plate. E454, E674market grade wire cloth, nwire cloth meeting a group ofspecifications that are typical for use in the general industrialmarket, manufactured based on using a different wire diam-eter for each of the common
31、 mesh designations. E2016DISCUSSION“Market Grade” designations are often misused; andshould not be specified without a wire diameter, as the designationshave become non-standard.matched test sieve, na test sieve that reproduces theperformance results of another test sieve within user definedlimits f
32、or a designated material (for information only andmay not be in compliance with Specification E11). E11median particle size, nthe particle size at which half thedistribution (by mass, volume, number, etc.) is larger thanand half smaller than the stated size. E1638, E2589mesh, nthe number of wires or
33、 openings per linear inch(25.4 mm), counted from the center of any wire to a pointexactly one inch (25.4 mm) distant, including the fractionaldistance between either thereof. E11, E2016E1638 112mill grade wire cloth, nwire cloth meeting a group ofspecifications that are typical for milling grain and
34、 otherlight screening, manufactured based on using a different wirediameter for each of the common mesh designations.E2016DISCUSSION“Mill Grade” designations are often misused; andshould not be specified without a wire diameter, as the designationshave become non-standard.near size particle, na part
35、icle of a size approximately equalto the aperture size of the sieve that may block an opening.E1638particle size distribution, nin sieve analysis, the percent-ages, by mass or number, of all fractions into which varioussizes of particles are classified. E1638percent open area , nthe ratio of the are
36、a of the openings tothe total area expressed as a percentage, that theoreticallycan be calculated as follows for wire cloth: E2016OA 5 1MwDw!1MsDs!100!where:OA = the percent open area,Mw= the mesh warp,Ms= the mesh shute,Dw= the diameter warp wire, andDs= the diameter shute wire.percent retained, nm
37、ass fraction percentage of material thatis left upon or retained by the sieve after the test has beenperformed. E2427plain weave, nsee types of weaves, plain.precrimp, nwire cloth woven with both the warp and shutewires crimped before weaving. E11rectangular (off-count) mesh, nEither precrimp or dou
38、blecrimp wire cloth having a different number of wires in thewarp and shute, producing rectangular openings; the diam-eter of the warp and shute wires may be the same ordifferent. E2016representative sample, na sample taken from a quantity ofmaterial that exhibits the characteristics of the original
39、material from which it was taken. E1638screen, n(1) surface provided with apertures of uniform sizeand shape; (2) another term used interchangeably for wovenwire cloth; (3) a machine provided with one or more screensurfaces. E674, E2016screening, vprocess of separating a mixture of different sizesby
40、 means of one or more screen surfaces. E454, E674selvage, nthe edge or border of wire cloth finished off so asto prevent unraveling; examples of finished edges includelooped selvage, folded selvage, cut and tucked, welded,plastic bonded, and bent-back picket, as opposed to a raw orcut edge. E2016shu
41、te wires, nthe wires running the short way of, or acrossthe cloth as woven (also referred to as the shoot, fill, or weftwires). E2016sieve, nan apparatus consisting of a media with regularlyspaced apertures of uniform size, mounted in a suitableframe or holder, for use in separating material accordi
42、ng tosize. E11, E1638sieve analysis, nthe act of obtaining a particle size distribu-tion using test sieves. E1638sieve cloth, nwoven wire cloth conforming to SpecificationE11. E11sieve shaker, nthe mechanical device or method used toshake the sieves.sleaziness, nwire cloth that does not exhibit firm
43、ness.E11, E2016smooth side or punch side, nthe surface of the plate thatwas the uppermost during the punching operation andthrough which the punch entered the plate. E454, E674space cloth, nwire cloth that is designated by the width ofthe open spaces between the inside faces of adjacent parallelwire
44、s, expressed in inches or the metric equivalent. E2016square mesh, nwire cloth having the same number of wiresin both the warp and shute. E11, E2016test sample, na quantity of material required for use directlyin a testing procedure. E1638test sieve (perforated plate), na sieve manufactured bymounti
45、ng perforated plate in a frame, designed for use inparticle sieve analysis by sieving. E161test sieve (wire cloth), na sieve manufactured by mountingsieve cloth in a frame, designed for use in particle sieveanalysis by sieving. E11triple shute, nwire cloth woven with three shute wiresinserted adjace
46、nt to each other, often constructed in confor-mance with precrimp rectangular. E2016twill weave, nsee types of weaves, twill.types of weavesherringbone twill, nwire cloth in which the direction of atwilled weave is reversed at regular intervals to produce astriped or herringbone effect. E2016plain,
47、nwire cloth in which the warp wires and shute wirespass over one and under one wire in both directions.E11, E2016twill, nwire cloth in which the warp wires and shute wirespass over two and under two wires in both directions.E11, E2016unfinished end pattern, nthe condition that occurs withsome specif
48、ications of staggered pattern perforations as aresult of tool design. E454, E674DISCUSSIONOne end of the plate the pattern will appear to beincomplete due to unperforated holes in the even numbered rows.While on the other end of the same plate, the pattern will appear to beincomplete due to unperfor
49、ated holes in the odd numbered rows.warp wires, nthe wires running the long way of the cloth aswoven. E11, E2016E1638 113weight per unit area, nthe weight per square foot for wirecloth can be approximated (without consideration for crimp)by the following equation: E2016Wt/SqFt 5 12 Mw12p Dw2/4! r! 1 12 Ms12p Ds2/4! r!where:Wt/SqFt = the weight (lb) per square foot,Mw= the mesh warp,Ms= the mesh shute;Dw= the diameter warp wire,Ds= the diameter shute wire,r = the density of material (lb/in3) (0.2836 f
