1、Designation: E 1643 09Standard Practice forSelection, Design, Installation, and Inspection of WaterVapor Retarders Used in Contact with Earth or Granular FillUnder Concrete Slabs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1643; the number immediately following the designation indicates th
2、e year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for selecting, des
3、igning,installing, and inspecting flexible, prefabricated sheet mem-branes in contact with earth or granular fill used as vaporretarders under concrete slabs.1.2 Conditions subject to frost and either heave or hydro-static pressure, or both, are beyond the scope of this practice.Vapor retarders are
4、not intended to provide a waterproofingfunction.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to
5、 address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 1745 Sp
6、ecification for Plastic Water Vapor RetardersUsed in Contact with Soil or Granular Fill under ConcreteSlabsE 1993 Specification for Bituminous Water Vapor RetardersUsed in Contact with Soil or Granular Fill Under ConcreteSlabsF 710 Practice for Preparing Concrete Floors to ReceiveResilient Flooring2
7、.2 Other Standard:3ACI 302.2R06 Guide for Concrete Slabs that ReceiveMoisture-Sensitive Flooring Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Vapor retarders provide a method of limiting watervapor transmission and capillary transport of water upwardthrough concrete slabs on grade, which can adversely affect
8、floor finishes and interior humidity levels.3.2 Adverse impacts include adhesion loss, warping, peel-ing, and unacceptable appearance of resilient flooring; deterio-ration of adhesives, ripping or separation of seams, and airbubbles or efflorescence beneath seamed, continuous flooring;damage to flat
9、 electrical cable systems, buckling of carpet andcarpet tiles, offensive odors, growth of fungi, and undesiredincreases to interior humidity levels.4. Manufacturers Recommendations4.1 Where inconsistencies occur between this practice andthe manufacturers instructions, conform to the manufacturersins
10、tructions for installation of vapor retarder.5. Material, Design, and Construction5.1 See ACI 302.2R06 for material, design, and construc-tion recommendations.5.2 See Specifications E 1745 and E 1993 for vapor retarderspecifications.5.3 Vapor Retarder Material SelectionThe following cri-teria should
11、 be considered when selecting a vapor retardermaterial.5.3.1 Local building code and regulatory requirements.5.3.1.1 Comply with local building code and regulatoryrequirements as a minimum consideration.5.3.2 The water-vapor permeance of the vapor retardermaterial.1This practice is under the jurisdi
12、ction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.21 onServiceability.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2009. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 1643 98 (05).2For referenced ASTM
13、 standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills
14、, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3.2.1 The water vapor permeance of the vapor retardermaterial shall be at such a rate so that adverse impacts to floorfinishes and coatings do
15、not occur5.3.2.2 Refer to X1.1 for discussion on water vapor trans-mission rate of vapor retarder.5.3.2.3 The perm rating determined under these criteriashall supersede that in references 5.2 should this value be lessthan required under references in 5.2.5.3.3 The types and amounts of deleterious co
16、mpounds inthe soil on the building site.5.3.3.1 Review building site soil analyses for deleteriousmaterials and compounds and select a vapor retarder materialthat will withstand exposure to such deleterious materials orcompounds.5.3.4 The tensile strength and puncture resistance of thevapor retarder
17、 material.5.3.4.1 Select a vapor retarder material capable of with-standing potential construction site damage.5.3.5 The type of base material on which the vapor retarderis to be installed.5.3.5.1 Select vapor retarder material capable of withstand-ing tear or puncture damage due to the type, gradat
18、ion, andtexture of the base material to be installed below the material.Prepare base material to minimize risk of puncture, forexample, by rolling or compacting.5.3.6 The expected exposure of the vapor retarder to ultra-violet rays.5.3.6.1 Assess expected exposure of the vapor retardermaterial to ul
19、tra violet rays and select a material capable ofwithstanding such exposure and maintain its capability toperform its intended function.6. Placement6.1 Level and compact base material.6.2 Install vapor retarder material with the longest dimen-sion parallel with the direction of concrete pour.6.3 Face
20、 laps away from the expected direction of theconcrete pour whenever possible.6.4 Extend vapor retarder over footings and seal to founda-tion wall or grade beam at an elevation consistent with the topof the slab or terminate at impediments such as water stops ordowels. Seal around penetrations such a
21、s utilities and columnsin order to create a monolithic membrane between the surfaceof the slab and moisture sources below the slab as well as at theslab perimeter.6.5 Lap joints minimum 6 in. (150 mm), or as instructed bythe manufacturer, and seal laps in accordance with the manu-facturers recommend
22、ations.6.6 Extend vapor retarder over the tops of pile caps andgrade beams to a distance acceptable to the structural engineerand terminate as recommended by the manufacturer.7. Protection7.1 Take precautions to protect vapor retarder from damageduring installation of reinforcing steel, utilities an
23、d concrete.7.2 Use reinforcing bar supports with base sections thatminimize the potential for puncture of the vapor retarder.7.3 Avoid use of stakes driven through the vapor retarder.7.4 Refer to ACI 302.2R06 for discussion of aggregate forprotection of vapor retarder, including the risks of install
24、ingaggregate fill above a vapor retarder that can act as a reservoirfor water.8. Inspection8.1 Inspect and mark all areas of damage and insufficientinstallation of the vapor retarder sufficiently in advance ofconcrete placement such that deficiencies may be correctedbefore concrete is placed.9. Repa
25、ir9.1 Repair vapor retarder damaged during placement ofreinforcing or concrete with vapor barrier material or asinstructed by manufacturer.9.2 Lap beyond damaged areas a minimum of 6 in. (50 mm)and seal as prescribed for sheet joints.10. Slab Moisture Content10.1 Moisture Conditions of SlabFollowing
26、 placement ofthe concrete and acclimatization of the building, comply withPractice F 710 and floor covering manufacturers recommen-dations for any specified tests for moisture emissions from ormoisture content of the slab on grade. Review written report(s)on test results prior to the installation of
27、 the floor covering orcoating installation. Obtain written approval of acceptable slabconditions from the floor covering manufacturer and projectdesign professional.10.2 See ACI 302.2R06.11. Keywords11.1 concrete slabs; vapor; vapor retarderE1643092APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PRE-DESIGN CO
28、NSIDERATIONSX1.1 Planning and Organization of ConstructionToavoid ambiguities, redundancies, conflicts, and omissions, planthe organization and coordination of drawings and specifica-tions so that graphic, dimensional, and descriptive informationon subgrade, granular base, vapor retarder, and protec
29、tioncourse, if any, appears in only one place. Since the relationshipof the subgrade (pad) elevation (usually shown on gradingplans) to the rest of the building finish floor elevations andfinished site grades is a function of the depth of the granularbase and protection course, these dimensions shou
30、ld be shownin only one place. For graphic depictions and dimensions of thegranular base and the protection course, the architecturaldrawings are preferred, but structural drawings are sometimesused. Specifications for sub-base conditions should be in thegrading section. Specifications for base, vapo
31、r retarder, andprotection course should be in the section on concrete, butthere are advocates of a separate section in Division 7 for thevapor retarder system. Examination and testing of surfaceconditions should be in appropriate finish sections.X1.2 SchedulingDetermine if slab drying will be on the
32、critical path for schedule occupancy. If so, plan measures toreduce drying times, mitigate moisture, or select floor finishmaterials not subject to damage by moisture.X1.3 GeotechnicalEnsure that the geotechnical surveyincludes comprehensive and reliable information on subsurfacewater table levels a
33、nd the hydrology of geological strata as wellas historical data on surface flooding and hydrology. Thesurvey should also include a list of compounds and concentra-tion levels that are deleterious to plastic materials. The geo-technical study should consider not only the past but also theprojected ch
34、ange from ongoing or anticipated developmentpatterns. Soils with comparably higher clay contents areparticularly troublesome because the relatively high capillaryaction within the clay allows moisture to rise under the slab.X1.4 CivilEnsure that site topographic surveys andgrading plans accurately a
35、nd comprehensively establish sur-face drainage characteristics for the site and surrounding areas.X1.5 Landscape and IrrigationMost traditional geotech-nical studies do not take into account the post-constructionchange in ground moisture conditions due to introducedplanting and irrigation which is a
36、 major problem. For example,in California coastal areas, the average annual rainfall is about18 in. (457 mm). Turf irrigation amounting to 1.3 in. (33 mm)of water per week over the normal seven-month dry season willincrease this to nearly 60 in. (1524 mm) with almost no runoff.It is not enough to as
37、sume that irrigation will simply duplicatenatural conditions encountered during the wet season. Thelandscape architect, geotechnical engineer, and civil engineershould closely coordinate design recommendations to avoidmoisture problems introduced or exacerbated by landscapeplanting and irrigation. O
38、nce a project is completed, effectiveirrigation management is instrumental not only in waterconservation but also in avoiding potential building-relatedmoisture problems.X1.6 Water Vapor Permeance of Vapor RetarderIn orderto prevent moisture damage to the slab on grade, floor coveringsystems and flo
39、or coating systems the water vapor permeanceof the vapor retarder material shall be such that accumulationof moisture in the slab through the vapor retarder material doesnot occur. The vapor pressures of the below grade environmentand the interior environment shall be calculated and analyzed.For hum
40、idity sensitive interior environments, calculate theeffect of vapor diffusion through the vapor retarder, slab ongrade and, if applicable, the floor covering or coating on theinterior humidity levels. Select a vapor retarder material with awater vapor permeance rating that will maintain interiorhumi
41、dity levels within specified tolerances. The water vaporpermeance of flooring material or coating shall be obtained, ifavailable. Calculate the amount of moisture entering the slabthrough the vapor retarder material. Calculate the amount ofmoisture that can diffuse through the flooring material. Ins
42、urethat the water vapor permeance of the vapor retarder materialdoes not allow accumulation of moisture within the slab due towater vapor permeance of the flooring material. Analyze soiltemperatures with regard to heat flux through the slab on gradeas well as interior temperature and RH levels. Dete
43、rmine ifconditions exist for a dew point within the slab. If suchconditions can potentially exist, analyze the amount of mois-ture accumulation within the slab versus the drying potential ofthe slab through its top surface, and if applicable, through thefloor covering system to determine if prolonge
44、d and detrimen-tal wetting of the slab will occur. If so, incorporate measures toeliminate conditions for a dew point to occur. One suchmeasure is installing an insulation layer directly below the slaband vapor retarder.X1.7 Moisture Entrapment Due to Rainfall or GroundWater IntrusionMoisture entrap
45、ment can occur beneath slabswhen the vapor retarder is placed below a fill course or vaporretarder protection layer, and the fill material takes on waterfrom rainfall, saw-cutting, curing, cleaning or other sources. Ifa fill course or vapor retarder protection layer is used, theextent of moisture en
46、trapment can be reduced by schedulingconcrete placements before rainfall and by sealing any entrypoints for water in the completed slab. If a fill course or vaporretarder protection layer is used, the vapor retarder must beturned up at the perimeter of the slab to protect the fill coursefrom lateral
47、 entrance of moisture.X1.8 Ensure there is no water accumulation on top of thevapor retarder prior to placing of concrete.E1643093ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard a
48、re expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not
49、 revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con
