1、Designation: E1643 11 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Practice forSelection, Design, Installation, and Inspection of WaterVapor Retarders Used in Contact with Earth or Granular FillUnder Concrete Slabs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1643; the number immediately following the designat
2、ion indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures fo
3、r selecting, designing,installing, and inspecting flexible, prefabricated sheet mem-branes in contact with earth or granular fill used as vaporretarders under concrete slabs.1.2 Conditions subject to frost and either heave or hydro-static pressure, or both, are beyond the scope of this practice.Vapo
4、r retarders are not intended to provide a waterproofingfunction.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard doe
5、s not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stan
6、dards:2E1745 Specification for Plastic Water Vapor Retarders Usedin Contact with Soil or Granular Fill under Concrete SlabsE1993/E1993M Specification for Bituminous Water VaporRetarders Used in Contact with Soil or Granular FillUnder Concrete SlabsF710 Practice for Preparing Concrete Floors to Recei
7、veResilient Flooring2.2 Other Standard:3ACI 302.2R06 Guide for Concrete Slabs that ReceiveMoisture-Sensitive Flooring Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Vapor retarders provide a method of limiting watervapor transmission and capillary transport of water upwardthrough concrete slabs on grade, which
8、 can adversely affectfloor finishes and interior humidity levels.3.2 Adverse impacts include adhesion loss, warping,peeling, and unacceptable appearance of resilient flooring;deterioration of adhesives, ripping or separation of seams, andair bubbles or efflorescence beneath seamed, continuous floor-
9、ing; damage to flat electrical cable systems, buckling of carpetand carpet tiles, offensive odors, growth of fungi, and unde-sired increases to interior humidity levels.4. Manufacturers Recommendations4.1 Where inconsistencies occur between this practice andthe manufacturers instructions, conform to
10、 the manufacturersinstructions for installation of vapor retarder.5. Material, Design, and Construction5.1 See ACI 302.2R06 for material, design, and construc-tion recommendations.5.2 See Specifications E1745 and E1993/E1993M for vaporretarder specifications.5.3 Vapor Retarder Material SelectionThe
11、following cri-teria should be considered when selecting a vapor retardermaterial.5.3.1 Local building code and regulatory requirements.5.3.1.1 Comply with local building code and regulatoryrequirements as a minimum consideration.5.3.2 The water-vapor permeance of the vapor retardermaterial.5.3.2.1 T
12、he water vapor permeance of the vapor retardermaterial shall be at such a rate so that adverse impacts to floorfinishes and coatings do not occur1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.21 onServi
13、ceability.Current edition approved March 1, 2017. Published March 2017. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1643-11. DOI:10.1520/E1643-11R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. Fo
14、r Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), 38800 Country Club Dr.,Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3439, http:/www.concrete.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
15、 Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued b
16、y the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.3.2.2 Refer to X1.6 for discussion on water vapor trans-mission rate of vapor retarder.5.3.2.3 The perm rating determined under these criteriashall supersede that in references 5.2 should this value be lessthan required un
17、der references in 5.2.5.3.3 The types and amounts of deleterious compounds inthe soil on the building site.5.3.3.1 Review building site soil analyses for deleteriousmaterials and compounds and select a vapor retarder materialthat will withstand exposure to such deleterious materials orcompounds.5.3.
18、4 The tensile strength and puncture resistance of thevapor retarder material.5.3.4.1 Select a vapor retarder material capable of with-standing potential construction site damage.5.3.5 The type of base material on which the vapor retarderis to be installed.5.3.5.1 Select vapor retarder material capab
19、le of withstand-ing tear or puncture damage due to the type, gradation, andtexture of the base material to be installed below the material.Prepare base material to minimize risk of puncture, forexample, by rolling or compacting.5.3.6 The expected exposure of the vapor retarder to ultra-violet rays.5
20、.3.6.1 Assess expected exposure of the vapor retardermaterial to ultra violet rays and select a material capable ofwithstanding such exposure and maintain its capability toperform its intended function.6. Placement6.1 Level and compact base material.6.2 Install vapor retarder material with the longe
21、st dimen-sion parallel with the direction of concrete pour.6.3 Face laps away from the expected direction of theconcrete pour whenever possible.6.4 Extend vapor retarder over footings and seal to founda-tion wall, grade beam, or slab at an elevation consistent withthe top of the slab or terminate at
22、 impediments such as waterstops or dowels. Seal around penetrations such as utilities andcolumns in order to create a monolithic membrane between thesurface of the slab and moisture sources below the slab as wellas at the slab perimeter.6.5 Lap joints minimum 6 in. (150 mm), or as instructed bythe m
23、anufacturer, and seal laps in accordance with the manu-facturers recommendations.6.6 Extend vapor retarder over the tops of pile caps andgrade beams to a distance acceptable to the structural engineerand terminate as recommended by the manufacturer.7. Protection7.1 Take precautions to protect vapor
24、retarder from damageduring installation of reinforcing steel, utilities and concrete.7.2 Use reinforcing bar supports with base sections thatminimize the potential for puncture of the vapor retarder.7.3 Avoid use of stakes driven through the vapor retarder.7.4 Refer to ACI 302.2R06 for discussion of
25、 aggregate forprotection of vapor retarder, including the risks of installingaggregate fill above a vapor retarder that can act as a reservoirfor water.8. Inspection and Repair8.1 Inspect and mark all areas of damage and insufficientinstallation of the vapor retarder sufficiently in advance ofconcre
26、te placement such that deficiencies may be correctedbefore concrete is placed.8.2 Repair vapor retarder damaged during placement ofreinforcing or concrete with vapor barrier material or asinstructed by manufacturer.8.3 Lap beyond damaged areas a minimum of 6 in. (50 mm)and seal as prescribed for she
27、et joints.8.4 Avoid the use of non-permanent stakes driven throughvapor retarder.8.5 If non-permanent stakes are driven through vaporretarder, repair as recommended by vapor retarder manufac-turer.8.6 Seal permanent penetrations as recommended by vaporretarder manufacturer.9. Slab Moisture Content9.
28、1 Moisture Conditions of SlabFollowing placement ofthe concrete and acclimatization of the building, comply withPractice F710 and floor covering manufacturers recommenda-tions for any specified tests for moisture emissions from ormoisture content of the slab on grade. Review written report(s)on test
29、 results prior to the installation of the floor covering orcoating installation. Obtain written approval of acceptable slabconditions from the floor covering manufacturer and projectdesign professional.9.2 See ACI 302.2R06.10. Keywords10.1 concrete slabs; vapor; vapor retarderE1643 11 (2017)2APPENDI
30、X(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PRE-DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSX1.1 Planning and Organization of ConstructionToavoid ambiguities, redundancies, conflicts, and omissions, planthe organization and coordination of drawings and specifica-tions so that graphic, dimensional, and descriptive informationon subgrad
31、e, granular base, vapor retarder, and protectioncourse, if any, appears in only one place. Since the relationshipof the subgrade (pad) elevation (usually shown on gradingplans) to the rest of the building finish floor elevations andfinished site grades is a function of the depth of the granularbase
32、and protection course, these dimensions should be shownin only one place. For graphic depictions and dimensions of thegranular base and the protection course, the architecturaldrawings are preferred, but structural drawings are sometimesused. Specifications for sub-base conditions should be in thegr
33、ading section. Specifications for base, vapor retarder, andprotection course should be in the section on concrete, butthere are advocates of a separate section in Division 7 for thevapor retarder system. Examination and testing of surfaceconditions should be in appropriate finish sections.X1.2 Sched
34、ulingDetermine if slab drying will be on thecritical path for schedule occupancy. If so, plan measures toreduce drying times, mitigate moisture, or select floor finishmaterials not subject to damage by moisture.X1.3 GeotechnicalEnsure that the geotechnical surveyincludes comprehensive and reliable i
35、nformation on subsurfacewater table levels and the hydrology of geological strata as wellas historical data on surface flooding and hydrology. Thesurvey should also include a list of compounds and concentra-tion levels that are deleterious to plastic materials. The geo-technical study should conside
36、r not only the past but also theprojected change from ongoing or anticipated developmentpatterns. Soils with comparably higher clay contents areparticularly troublesome because the relatively high capillaryaction within the clay allows moisture to rise under the slab.X1.4 CivilEnsure that site topog
37、raphic surveys and grad-ing plans accurately and comprehensively establish surfacedrainage characteristics for the site and surrounding areas.X1.5 Landscape and IrrigationMost traditional geotech-nical studies do not take into account the post-constructionchange in ground moisture conditions due to
38、introducedplanting and irrigation which is a major problem. For example,in California coastal areas, the average annual rainfall is about18 in. (457 mm). Turf irrigation amounting to 1.3 in. (33 mm)of water per week over the normal seven-month dry season willincrease this to nearly 60 in. (1524 mm)
39、with almost no runoff.It is not enough to assume that irrigation will simply duplicatenatural conditions encountered during the wet season. Thelandscape architect, geotechnical engineer, and civil engineershould closely coordinate design recommendations to avoidmoisture problems introduced or exacer
40、bated by landscapeplanting and irrigation. Once a project is completed, effectiveirrigation management is instrumental not only in waterconservation but also in avoiding potential building-relatedmoisture problems.X1.6 Water Vapor Permeance of Vapor RetarderIn orderto prevent moisture damage to the
41、slab on grade, floor coveringsystems and floor coating systems the water vapor permeanceof the vapor retarder material shall be such that accumulationof moisture in the slab through the vapor retarder material doesnot occur. The vapor pressures of the below grade environmentand the interior environm
42、ent shall be calculated and analyzed.For humidity sensitive interior environments, calculate theeffect of vapor diffusion through the vapor retarder, slab ongrade and, if applicable, the floor covering or coating on theinterior humidity levels. Select a vapor retarder material with awater vapor perm
43、eance rating that will maintain interiorhumidity levels within specified tolerances. The water vaporpermeance of flooring material or coating shall be obtained, ifavailable. Calculate the amount of moisture entering the slabthrough the vapor retarder material. Calculate the amount ofmoisture that ca
44、n diffuse through the flooring material. Insurethat the water vapor permeance of the vapor retarder materialdoes not allow accumulation of moisture within the slab due towater vapor permeance of the flooring material. Analyze soiltemperatures with regard to heat flux through the slab on gradeas well
45、 as interior temperature and RH levels. Determine ifconditions exist for a dew point within the slab. If suchconditions can potentially exist, analyze the amount of mois-ture accumulation within the slab versus the drying potential ofthe slab through its top surface, and if applicable, through thefl
46、oor covering system to determine if prolonged and detrimen-tal wetting of the slab will occur. If so, incorporate measures toeliminate conditions for a dew point to occur. One suchmeasure is installing an insulation layer directly below the slaband vapor retarder.X1.7 Moisture Entrapment Due to Rain
47、fall or GroundWater IntrusionMoisture entrapment can occur beneath slabswhen the vapor retarder is placed below a fill course or vaporretarder protection layer, and the fill material takes on waterfrom rainfall, saw-cutting, curing, cleaning or other sources. Ifa fill course or vapor retarder protec
48、tion layer is used, theextent of moisture entrapment can be reduced by schedulingconcrete placements before rainfall and by sealing any entrypoints for water in the completed slab. If a fill course or vaporretarder protection layer is used, the vapor retarder must beturned up at the perimeter of the
49、 slab to protect the fill coursefrom lateral entrance of moisture.X1.8 Ensure there is no water accumulation on top of thevapor retarder prior to placing of concrete.E1643 11 (2017)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by t
