1、Designation: E1656/E1656M 11Standard Guide forClassification of Automated Pavement Condition SurveyEquipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1656/E1656M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information for classifying the mea-surement capability of pavement condition survey equipmentor
3、 instrumentation that measures longitudinal profile, trans-verse profile or cracking of pavement surfaces while operatingat or near traffic speeds.1.2 The measuring equipment or instrumentation, addressedby the guide, samples and stores measurement data whileoperating at or near traffic speeds.1.3 T
4、his guide does not address equipment that operates attraffic speeds but is incapable of measuring profile or indi-vidual crack characteristics, such as response-type roughnessmeasuring systems and semi-automated distress recordingsystems.1.4 This guide provides measurement criteria and classifi-cati
5、on for use in a range of applications.1.5 The measurement criteria apply to longitudinal profile,transverse profile, or the cracking of pavement surfaces.1.6 This guide does not address the processing of measureddata.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded sepa
6、rately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns
7、, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and St
8、atistics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 characteristic, ndirectly measurable distinguishingproperty of the pavement surface.3.1.1.1 DiscussionExamples are pavement longitudinalprofile, transverse profile, and separations in the continuity ofa pavement surface.3
9、.1.2 dynamic intermediate precision, nprecision of themeasurement of a characteristic determined under dynamicintermediate precision conditions in which the same equipmentmoving at operating speed measures the characteristic at thesame location repeatedly, in accordance with the procedurespecified i
10、n 7.2.3.1.3 longitudinal profile, nperpendicular deviations ofthe pavement surface from an established reference parallel tothe lane direction, usually measured in the wheel tracks.3.1.4 resolution, nsmallest increment that a characteristic-measuring process must distinguish and display.3.1.5 statio
11、nary repeatability precision, nprecision of themeasurement of a characteristic determined under repeatabilitycondition with the instrumented equipment stationary, in ac-cordance with the procedure specified in 7.1.3.1.6 tolerance, ndefined limits of allowable (acceptable)departure from the true valu
12、e of a measured quantity.4. Significance and Use4.1 Highway agencies, equipment manufacturers, and otherorganizations can use this guide to classify the measuringcapabilities of pavement condition survey equipment thatoperates at traffic speeds and collect some of the data useful incharacterizing pa
13、vement conditions.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle -Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.42 onPavement Management and Data Needs.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally approvedin 1994. Last previou
14、s edition approved in 2006 as E 1656 94 (2006). DOI:10.1520/E1656_E1656M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onth
15、e ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 The vertical measurement resolution, sample interval,and crack width capabilities as specified in Section 5 aresubject to user verification.5. Guidelines5.1 Classific
16、ation:5.1.1 Attribute Measurement Category:5.1.1.1 The measuring capability of condition survey equip-ment is described by a set of attribute measurement categories,each designating the capability of measuring an individualpavement attribute. The designated attributes covered are:(1) longitudinal pr
17、ofile,(2) transverse profile, and(3) crack width.5.1.2 Code:5.1.2.1 The measurement capability in each category isdesignated by the sequence of codes each representing a typeor level of measurement capability, as follows:(1) First codeMeasured attribute (alphabetic),(2) Second codeStationary repeata
18、bility precision (nu-meric),(3) Third codeLongitudinal sampling interval (numeric),(4) Fourth codeTransverse sampling interval (numeric),and(5) Fifth codeTransverse coverage (numeric).5.1.3 Code values:5.1.3.1 The values of each code are defined in the followingsections:5.2 Equipment for Measuring L
19、ongitudinal ProfileEquipment capability is defined by vertical-measurement sta-tionary repeatability precision, transverse sampling frequency,and longitudinal sampling interval. Equipment capability isdivided into the classes shown in Table 1.5.2.1 If equipment can measure vertically with a stationa
20、ryrepeatability precision of 0.15 mm 0.06 in., a movinglongitudinal sampling interval of 125 mm 5 in. and atransverse sampling of three profiles per pass, it is a Code L221unit.5.3 Equipment for Measuring Transverse ProfileEquipment capability is defined by vertical-measurement sta-tionary repeatabi
21、lity precision, transverse sampling intervaland longitudinal sampling interval. Equipment capability isdivided into the classes shown in Table 2.5.3.1 If equipment can measure vertically with a stationaryrepeatability precision of 0.3 mm 0.012 in., a movinglongitudinal sampling interval of 2 m 6.5 f
22、t, a transversesampling interval of 150 mm 6 in. and a transverse coverageof 2.0 m 6.5 ft, it is a Code T3233 unit.5.4 Equipment for Measuring Cracking of PavementSurfacesEquipment capability depends on the stationaryrepeatability precision with which crack width can be mea-sured, the transverse sam
23、pling interval and the longitudinalsampling interval. The capability of equipment is divided intothe classes shown in Table 3.5.4.1 If equipment can measure vertically with a crackwidth stationary repeatability precision of 0.7 mm 0.028 in.,a longitudinal sampling of 0.3 mm 0.012 in., a transversesa
24、mpling interval of 5 mm 0.20 in. and a transverse coverageof 2.0 m 6.5 ft, it is a Code C3253 unit.6. Applications6.1 The measures addressed by this guide support pavementmanagement for roads, airfields, and other paved areas. Lon-gitudinal profile, transverse profile, and crack information cancontr
25、ibute to understanding pavement performance. The appro-priate measurement level depends on the application.6.2 Longitudinal ProfileApplications of longitudinal pro-file data include the following:6.2.1 Computing roughness statistics such as InternationalRoughness Index (IRI) and ride quality statist
26、ics such as RideNumber,6.2.2 Estimating road user costs,6.2.3 Modeling roughness so that future roughness can bepredicted,6.2.4 Identifying probable causes of pavement deteriorationfrom the nature of the elevation and wave band spectra,TABLE 1 Equipment CapabilityMeasuring Longitudinal ProfileCharac
27、teristic Code DescriptionMeasured Attribute L Longitudinal ProfileVertical measurement Stationary Repeatability Precision1 Less than or equal to 0.1 mm 0.004 in.2 Greater than 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm 0.004 in. to0.008 in.3 Greater than 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm 0.008 in. to0.020 in.4 Greater than 0.5 mm 0.20 in.Lon
28、gitudinal sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 25 mm 1 in.2 Greater than 25 mm to 150 mm 1 in. to 6 in.3 Greater than 150 mm to 300 mm 6 in. to 12 in.4 Greater than 300 mm 12 in.Transverse sampling Number of profiles per pass1 3 or more profiles2 2 profiles3 1 profileTransverse coverage NAANAAAN
29、ot applicable.TABLE 2 Equipment CapabilityMeasuring Transverse ProfileCharacteristic Code DescriptionMeasured Attribute T Transverse ProfileVertical measurement Stationary Repeatability Precision1 Less than or equal to 0.1 mm 0.004 in.2 Greater than 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm 0.004 in. to0.008 in.3 Greater th
30、an 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm 0.008 in. to0.020 in.4 Greater than 0.5 mm 0.20 in.Longitudinal sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 300 mm 1 ft2 Greaterthan300mmto3m1ftto10ft3 Greaterthan3mto30m10ftto100ft4 Greater than 30 m 100 ftTransverse sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 25 mm 1 in.2 Greater tha
31、n 25 mm to 100 mm 1 in. to 4 in.3 Greater than 100 mm to 300 mm 4 in. to 12 in.4 Greater than 300 mm to 600 mm 12 in. to 24 in.5 Greater than 600 mm 24 in.Transverse coverage Width1 Greater than 3.7 m 12 ft2 Greaterthan2.7mto3.7m9ftto12ft3 Greaterthan1.8mto2.7m6ftto9ft4 Less than or equal to 1.8 m 6
32、 ftE1656/E1656M 1126.2.5 Estimating the effect of pavement maintenance andrehabilitation on roughness and ride quality,6.2.6 Estimating material quantity for overlay treatments,and6.2.7 Providing a reference to determine construction quan-tities such as areas warranting grinding, leveling to correct
33、grade and longitudinal profile, and milling requirements atfaulted joints and cracks.6.3 Transverse ProfileApplications for transverse profiledata include the following:6.3.1 Computing rut depth,6.3.2 Modeling rut depth to predict future rut depth,6.3.3 Using the shape of the transverse profile to i
34、ndicate thecause of rutting, and6.3.4 Estimating material quantities for overlays and cor-recting rutting.6.4 Cracking of Pavement SurfacesApplications for crackwidth data include the following:6.4.1 Estimating pavement cracking distress or condition,6.4.2 Estimating the quantity of crack seal mater
35、ial, and6.4.3 Prediction of future cracking distress.7. Procedure7.1 Stationary Repeatability PrecisionFor the purposes ofdetermining the measurement classification codes specified inSection 5, this precision shall be the d2s deviation (as specifiedin Terminology E456) determined from a series of re
36、peatedmeasurements of the attribute being measured as follows:7.1.1 Longitudinal Profile Sensors(1) With the equipmentstationary, place a flat level plate under each longitudinalprofile sensor. (2) Switch on the sensor(s), record the sensorreading(s), and switch off the sensor(s). All sensors may be
37、monitored at the same time. Perform this measurement cycleten times without adjustment of the instrumentation. (3)Normalize the measurements of a sensor by subtracting themean value of the ten readings from each reading. (4) Place acalibration block 25 6 0.01 mm 1.0 6 0.04 in. thick on theplate bene
38、ath the sensor. (5) Perform the measurements tentimes in the same manner as (2) and normalize the values as in(3). (6) Determine the standard deviation of the 20 normalizedmeasurements performed for each sensor. Determine the d2svalue for each sensor as 2.83 times the standard deviation ofthe measur
39、ements. Determine the stationary repeatability pre-cision as the average of the d2s values for all longitudinalprofile sensors.7.1.2 Transverse Profile SensorsFor each transverse pro-file sensor, repeat the procedure described in 7.1.1 to determinethe stationary repeatability precision for all trans
40、verse profilesensors.7.1.3 Cracking Sensors.(1) With the equipment stationary,place a flat smooth plate, which is at least 50 % larger than thesensed area in each dimension and has no surface discontinui-ties greater than 0.01 mm 0.004 in. in width or 0.01 mm0.004 in. in depth, beneath each cracking
41、 sensor. (2) Switchon the crack sensor(s), record the sensor reading(s), and switchoff the sensor(s). Perform the measurement ten times. Allsensors may be measured at the same time. (3) Normalize themeasurements by subtracting the mean value of the tenreadings from each reading. (4) Place a flat smo
42、oth platehaving the same horizontal dimensions as the plate in (1), athickness of 20 mm 0.75 in., and a linear slot 3 6 0.05 mm0.125 6 0.02 in. wide and 15 mm 0.6 in. deep traversing thefull width of the plate, beneath each cracking sensor. (5)Perform ten measurements in the same manner as specified
43、 in(2) and normalize them as in (3). (6) Rotate the plate specifiedin (4) through 90, and repeat the measurements specified in(1). (7) Determine the standard deviation of the 30 measure-ments performed for each sensor. Determine the d2s value foreach sensor as 2.83 times the standard deviation of th
44、emeasurements. Determine the stationary repeatability precisionas the average of the d2s values for all cracking sensors.7.2 Dynamic Intermediate PrecisionWith the equipmentmoving at normal operating speed, make ten repeat measure-ments at an identified pavement location using all sensors. Thebeginn
45、ing and end of each test section shall be marked so thatthey are identified in the data. This may be done either bymanual or automated means. Normalize the measurements bysubtracting the mean value recorded for each sensor from eachreading of that sensor. Perform similar sets of measurements ata tot
46、al of three locations with conditions of the measuredcharacteristics representing the range of conditions to beexpected under normal operations. Calculate the d2s values foreach sensor from all normalized measurements from thatsensor. Determine the dynamic intermediate precision for themeasurement o
47、f this characteristic as the average of the d2svalues for all sensors.8. Precision and Bias8.1 The stationary repeatability precision, determined inaccordance with 7.1, shall be used to determine the classifica-tion of equipment in accordance with Section 5.TABLE 3 Equipment CapabilityMeasuring Crac
48、king ofPavement SurfacesCharacteristic Code DescriptionMeasured Attribute C Cracking of Pavement SurfaceCrack width Stationary Repeatability Precision1 Less than or equal to 0.50 mm 0.02 in.2 Greater than 0.50 mm to 1.0 mm 0.02 in. to 0.0in.3 Greater than 1.0 mm to 3 mm 0.04 in. to 0.12 in.4 Greater
49、than3mmto5mm0.12in.to0.20in.5 Greater than 5 mm 0.20 in.Longitudinal sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 0.50 mm 0.02 in.2 Greater than 0.50 mm to 1 mm 0.02 in. to 0.04in.3 Greaterthan1mmto3mm0.04in.to0.12in.4 Greaterthan3mmto5mm0.12in.to0.20in.5 Greater than 5 mm 0.20 in.Transverse sampling Interval1 Less than or equal to 0.50 mm 0.02 in.2 Greater than 0.50 mm to 1 mm 0.02 in. to 0.04in.3 Greaterthan1mmto3mm0.04in.to0.12in.4 Greaterthan3mmto5mm
