1、Designation: E1688 10 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Guide forDetermination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers procedures for measuring the bioac-cumulation of sedimen
3、t-associated contaminants by infaunalinvertebrates. Marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments area major sink for chemicals that sorb preferentially to particles,such as organic compounds with high octanol-water-partitioning coefficients (Kow) (for example, polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs) and dich
4、lorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)and many metals. The accumulation of chemicals into whole orbedded sediments (that is, consolidated rather than suspendedsediments) reduces their direct bioavailability to pelagic organ-isms but increases the exposure of benthic organisms. Feedingof pelagic organisms
5、 on benthic prey can reintroduce sediment-associated contaminants into pelagic food webs. The bioaccu-mulation of sediment-associated contaminants by sediment-dwelling organisms can therefore result in ecological impactson benthic and pelagic communities and human health from theconsumption of conta
6、minated shellfish or pelagic fish.1.2 Methods of measuring bioaccumulation by infaunalorganisms from marine, estuarine, and freshwater sedimentscontaining organic or metal contaminates will be discussed.The procedures are designed to generate quantitative estimatesof steady-state tissue residues bec
7、ause data from bioaccumu-lation tests are often used in ecological or human health riskassessments. Eighty percent of steady-state is used as thegeneral criterion. Because the results from a single or fewspecies are often extrapolated to other species, the proceduresare designed to maximize exposure
8、 to sediment-associatedcontaminants so that residues in untested species are notunderestimated systematically. A 28-day exposure withsediment-ingesting invertebrates and no supplemental food isrecommended as the standard single sampling procedure.Procedures for long-term and kinetic tests are provid
9、ed for usewhen 80 % of steady-state will not be obtained within 28 daysor when more precise estimates of steady-state tissue residuesare required. The procedures are adaptable to shorter exposuresand different feeding types. Exposures shorter than 28 daysmay be used to identify which compounds are b
10、ioavailable(that is, bioaccumulation potential) or for testing species thatdo not live for 28 days in the sediment (for example, certainChironomus). Non-sediment-ingestors or species requiringsupplementary food may be used if the goal is to determineuptake in these particular species because of thei
11、r importancein ecological or human health risk assessments. However, theresults from such species should not be extrapolated to otherspecies.1.3 Standard test methods are still under development, andmuch of this guide is based on techniques used in successfulstudies and expert opinion rather than ex
12、perimental compari-sons of different techniques. Also, relatively few marine/estuarine (for example, Nereis and Macoma), freshwater (forexample, Diporeia and Lumbriculus variegatus) species, andprimarily neutral organic compounds provide a substantialportion of the basis for the guide. Nonetheless,
13、sufficientprogress has been made in conducting experiments and under-standing the factors regulating sediment bioavailability toestablish general guidelines for sediment bioaccumulationtests.1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:Scope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significanc
14、e and Use 5Interferences 6Apparatus 7Safety Precautions 8Overlying Water 9Sediment 10Test Organisms 11Experimental Design 12Procedure 13Analytical Methodology 14Data Analysis and Interpretation 15KeywordsAnnexesAdditional Methods for Predicting Bioaccumulation Annex A1Determining the Number of Repli
15、cates Annex A2Adequacy of 10-Day and 28-Day Exposures Annex A3Alternative Test Designs Annex A4Calculation of Time to Steady-State Annex A5Special Purpose Exposure Chambers Annex A61This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective A
16、ction and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E1688 10. DOI:10.1520/E1688-10R16.*A Summary of Changes section
17、 appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Additional Techniques to Correct for Gut Sediment Annex A7Bioaccumulation Testing with Lumbriculus variegatus Annex A8References1.5 Field-collected se
18、diments may contain toxic materials,including pathogens, and should be treated with caution tominimize exposure to workers. Worker safety must also beconsidered when using laboratory-dosed sediments containingtoxic compounds.1.6 This guide may involve the use of non-indigenous testspecies. The accid
19、ental establishment of non-indigenous spe-cies has resulted in substantial harm to both estuarine andfreshwater ecosystems. Adequate precautions must thereforebe taken against the accidental release of any non-indigenoustest species or associated flora or fauna.1.7 The values stated in SI units are
20、to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices a
21、nd determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD4387 Guide for Selecting Grab Sampling Devices forCollecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates (Wi
22、thdrawn2003)3E729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on TestMaterials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphib-iansE943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-ronmental FateE1022 Guide for Conducting Bioconcentration Tests withFishes and Saltwater Bivalve MollusksE1367 Test Me
23、thod for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine In-vertebratesE1383 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests withFreshwater Invertebrates (Withdrawn 1995)3E1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, andManipulation of Sediments for Toxicol
24、ogical Testing andfor Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Inver-tebratesE1525 Guide for Designing Biological Tests with SedimentsE1706 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater InvertebratesSI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard
25、forUse of the International System of Units (SI): The ModernMetric System2.2 Federal Documents:4CFR, Title 21, Food and Drugs, Chapter I Food and DrugAdministration, Department of Health and HumanServices, Part 177, Indirect Food Additives: PolymersCFR, Title 49, Transportation Chapter 1 Research an
26、d Spe-cial Programs Administration, Department of Transporta-tion Parts 100177, Subchapter AHazardous MaterialsTransportation, Oil Transportation and Pipeline Safety,Subchapter BOil Transportation and SubchapterCHazardous Materials Regulation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The words “must,” “sho
27、uld,” “may,” “can,” and“might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must” isused to express an absolute requirement, that is, to state that thetest needs to be designed to satisfy the specified conditions,unless the purpose of the test requires a different design.“Must” is used only in connec
28、tion with the factors that relatedirectly to the acceptability of the test. “Should” is used to statethat the specified conditions are recommended and ought to bemet in most tests. Although the violation of one “should” israrely a serious matter, violation of several will often renderresults questio
29、nable. Terms such as “is desirable,” “is oftendesirable,” and “might be desirable” are used in connectionwith less important factors. “May” is used to mean “is (are)allowed to,” “can” is used to mean “is (are) able to,” and“might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus, the classicdistinction betwee
30、n “may” and “can” is preserved, and “might”is never used as a synonym for either “may” or “can.”3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toGuide E729 and Terminologies D1129 and E943. For anexplanation of units and symbols, refer to SI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 .3.2 Definitions of Terms S
31、pecific to This Standard:3.2.1 acid volatile sulfide (AVS)sedimentary reduced sul-fide phase associated with metal partitioning.3.2.2 alphasee Type I error.3.2.3 apparent steady-statesee steady-state.3.2.4 bedded sedimentsee whole sediment.3.2.5 betasee Type II error.3.2.6 bioaccumulationthe net acc
32、umulation of a substanceby an organism as a result of uptake from all environmentalsources.3.2.7 bioaccumulation factor (BAF)the ratio of tissueresidue to sediment contaminant concentration at steady-state.3.2.8 bioaccumulation potentiala qualitative assessmentof whether a contaminant in a particula
33、r sediment is bioavail-able.3.2.9 bioconcentrationthe net assimilation of a substanceby an aquatic organism as a result of uptake directly fromaqueous solution.3.2.10 bioconcentration factor (BCF)the ratio of tissueresidue to water contaminant concentration at steady-state.2For referenced ASTM stand
34、ards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Av
35、ailable from U.S. Government Publishing Office, 732 N. Capitol St., NW,Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.gpo.gov.E1688 10 (2016)23.2.11 biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF)the ra-tio of lipid-normalized tissue residue to organic carbon-normalized sediment contaminant concentration at steady
36、state,with units of g-carbon/g-lipid.3.2.12 black carbon (BC)type of environmental carbonformed during the incomplete oxidation of organic substances(for example, fossil fuels, biomass). May consist of phasessuch as soot, charcoal, tar, and coal. Certain forms have highaffinity for hydrophibic conta
37、minants and can reduce thebioavailability of some contaminants.3.2.13 blocka group of homogeneous experimental units.3.2.14 coeffcient of variation (CV)a standardized vari-ance term; the standard deviation (SD) divided by the meanand expressed as a percent.3.2.15 comparison-wise errora Type I error
38、applied to thesingle comparison of two means. Contrast with experiment-wise error.3.2.16 compositingthe combining of separate tissue orsediment samples into a single sample.3.2.17 control sedimentsediment containing no or verylow levels of contaminants. Control sediments should ideallycontain only u
39、navoidable “global” levels of contaminants.Contrast with reference sediment.3.2.18 degradationbiochemical breakdown of the con-taminant by a test species.3.2.19 depurationloss of a substance from an organism asa result of any active (for example, metabolic breakdown) orpassive process when the organ
40、ism is placed into an uncon-taminated environment. Contrast with elimination.3.2.20 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)a commonenvironmental contaminant. Metabolites include dichlorodi-phenyldichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenylethylene(DDE).3.2.21 dissolved organic carbon (DOC)type of organic
41、carbon soluble in aqueous solutions. Particulate and dissolvedorganic carbon are the primary organic carbon components inaquatic systems.3.2.22 Eh (redox potential)a measure of the oxidationstate of a sediment relative to the hydrogen half-cell reaction.3.2.23 eliminationa general term for the loss
42、of a sub-stance from an organism that occurs by any active or passivemeans. The term is applicable in either a contaminated envi-ronment (for example, occurring simultaneously with uptake)or a clean environment. Contrast with depuration.3.2.24 equilibrium partitioning (EqP) bioaccumulationmodela bio
43、accumulation model based on equilibrium parti-tioning of a neutral organic between organism lipids andsediment carbon.3.2.25 experiment-wise errora Type I error (alpha) chosensuch that the probability of making any Type I error in a seriesof tests is alpha. Contrast with comparison-wise error.3.2.26
44、 experimental errorvariation among replicate ex-perimental units.3.2.27 experimental unitan organism or organisms towhich one trial of a single treatment is applied.3.2.28 finesthe silt-clay fraction of a sediment.3.2.29 gut purgingvoiding of sediment contained in thegut.3.2.30 hydrophobic contamina
45、ntslow-contaminant watersolubility with a high Kowand usually a strong tendency tobioaccumulate.3.2.31 interstitial waterwater within a wet sediment thatsurrounds the sediment particles.3.2.32 kinetic bioaccumulation modelany model that usesuptake or elimination rates, or both, to predict tissue res
46、idues.3.2.33 long-term uptake testsbioaccumulation tests withan exposure period greater than 28 days.3.2.34 metabolismsee degradation.3.2.35 minimum detectable differencethe smallest (abso-lute) difference between two means that is distinguishablestatistically.3.2.36 multiple comparisonsthe statisti
47、cal comparison ofseveral treatments simultaneously.3.2.37 no further degradationan approach by which atissue concentration is deemed acceptable if it is not greaterthan the tissue concentration at a reference site.3.2.38 organic carbon (OC)type of environmental carbonresulting from the diagenesis of
48、 organic substances (forexample, plant and animal matter).3.2.39 pairwise comparisonsthe statistical comparison oftwo treatments. Contrast with multiple comparisons.3.2.40 powerthe probability of detecting a differencebetween the treatment and control means when a true differ-ence exists.3.2.41 pseu
49、doreplicationthe incorrect assignment ofreplicates, often due to a biased assignment of replicates.3.2.42 reference sedimenta sediment similar to the testsediment in physical and chemical characteristics and notcontaminated by the particular contaminant source under study(for example, dredge material, discharge, and non-point run-off). A reference sediment should ideally contain only back-ground levels of contaminants characteristic of the region.Contrast with control sediment.3.2.43 replicationthe assignment of a treatment to moreth
