1、Designation: E1732 17Standard TerminologyRelating to Forensic Science1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind
2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and correspondingdefinitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientificterms that are generally understood or defined ade
3、quately inother readily available sources may not be included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every fiveyears, and the year of last review or revision is appended.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstanda
4、rds organization or ASTM committee are identified withthe abbreviation of the name of the organization or theidentifying document and ASTM committee; for example,ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.21.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field areidentified with an abbr
5、eviation.31.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalB
6、arriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment(Withdrawn 2006)5E1301 Guide for Proficiency Test
7、ing by InterlaboratoryComparisons (Withdrawn 2012)5E1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation inThermal Analysis and Rheology2.2 ISO Standards:6ISO 3534:1993 (E/F) StatisticsVocabulary and SymbolsPart 1: Probability and General Statistical TermsPart 2: Statis
8、tical Quality ControlISO 9000:2005 (E) Standard Quality ManagementSystemsFundamentals and VocabularyISO Guide 2 General Terms and Their Definitions Relatingto Standardizing ActivitiesISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference MaterialsISO Guide 35 Reference MaterialsGeneral
9、and StatisticalPrinciples for CertificationISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Mea-surement (GUM)2.3 Other Sources:EURACHEM The Fitness for Purpose of AnalyticalMethods, EURACHEM Working Group, English EditionIAAI Glossary Glossary of Terms Related to Chemical andInstrumental Analysis
10、of Fire Debris, IAAI ForensicScience Committee7IUPAC Terminology IUPAC Compendium of ChemicalTerminology, Second Edition, 19973. Significance and Use3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensicsciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions wereused in the development of
11、this terminology. The hierarchy isas follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 onForensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 onTerminology.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published
12、 September 2017. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E1732 12. DOI:10.1520/E1732-17.2Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM SubcommitteeE30.92.3Abbreviations are as follows: CRIM = criminalistics, QD = questioneddocuments, ENGR = engineering, TO
13、X = toxicology, PB = pathology biology,ANTH = anthropology, and ODEN = odentology.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag
14、e onthe ASTM website.5The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.7Availab
15、le from the International Association of Arson Investigators, Inc.(IAAI), 2111 Baldwin Avenue, Suite 203, Crofton, MD 21114, https:/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordanc
16、e with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1dictionaries; and the Compilation of
17、 ASTM Standard Defini-tions.8The subcommittee developed a suitable definition afterall of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:accelerant, nany material used to initiate or promote thespread of a fire. The most common accelerants are flam-mable or combustible
18、 liquids. Whether a substance is anaccelerant depends not on its chemical structure but on itsuse. IAAI Glossaryaccuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand the accepted reference value. E177DISCUSSION(1) In practice, the accepted reference value is substi-tuted for the true value.
19、(2) The term “accuracy,“ when applied to a set of test or measure-ment results, involves a combination of random components and acommon systematic error or bias component.(3) Accuracy refers to a combination of trueness and precision.ISO 3534:1993(E/F)associative evidence, nthat evidence which tends
20、 to link aperson, place, or thing with another person, place, or thing.calibration, nthe set of operations that establishes, underspecified conditions, the relationship between values indi-cated by a measuring instrument or measuring system orvalues represented by a material, and the correspondingkn
21、own values of measurement.DISCUSSIONThis definition was originally defined in TerminologyE1187, a standard discontinued by ASTM.chain of custody, nprocedures and documents that accountfor the possession of a sample by tracking its handling andstorage from its point of collection to its final disposi
22、tion.class, na group, set or kind marked by common attributes ora common attribute. Websters Unabridged Dictionary9class characteristic(s), nthe attribute(s) that establish mem-bership in a class.classification, nthe systematic arrangement of persons orobjects into categories (groups or classes) bas
23、ed on sharedtraits or characteristics. Osterburg and Ward,10p. 835comparison sample, nfire debris,(1) a sample of materialcollected from a fire scene which is, to the best of theinvestigators knowledge, identical in every respect to asample suspected of containing ignitable substance, butwhich does
24、not contain ignitable substance; (2) a sample ofsuspected ignitable substance submitted for the purpose ofcomparing with any ignitable substance separated from adebris sample.control sample, nmaterial of established origin that is usedto evaluate the performance of a test or comparison.DISCUSSIONA c
25、ontrol sample should not be confused with acomparison sample. For example, in fire debris, a control sample mightinclude an empty can from the same lot as that used to collect samples.criminalistics, na brance of forensic science concerned withthe examination and interpretation of physical evidence,
26、 forthe purpose of aiding forensic investigation.exemplar, na specimen of physical evidence of knownorigin. Osterburg and Ward,10p. 837expanded uncertainty (U), nquantity defining an intervalabout a result of a measurement that may be expected toencompass a large fraction of the distribution of valu
27、es thatcould reasonably be attributed to the measurand.DISCUSSION(1) The fraction may be regarded as the coverageprobability or level of confidence of the interval.(2) To associate a specific level of confidence with the intervaldefined by the expanded uncertainty requires explicit or implicitassump
28、tions regarding the probability distribution characterized by themeasurement result and its combined standard uncertainty. The level ofconfidence that may be attributed to this interval can be known only tothe extent to which such assumptions can be justified.(3) An expanded uncertainty U is calcula
29、ted from a combinedstandard uncertainty uc and coverage factor k using:U 5 k 3ucISO GUM, EURACHEMfalse positive, na test result that states that a drug is presentwhen, in fact, such a drug is not present in an amount greaterthan a threshold or designated cut-off concentration.known, nof established
30、origin associated with the matterunder investigation.limit of detection, nthe lowest content that can be measuredwith reasonable statistical certainty.EURACHEMpopulation, nthe totality of items or units of material underconsideration.DISCUSSIONThe word “items” may be interpreted in the sense ofmeasu
31、rements, or possible measurements, of a single characteristic, oroccasionally for multiple characteristics, on all items or units ofmaterial being considered. The word “totality” may refer to items notavailable for inclusion in samples as well as those which are available.E456procedure, nspecified w
32、ay to carry out an activity or aprocess.DISCUSSION(1) Procedures can be documented or not.(2) When a procedure is documented, the term “written procedure”or “documented procedure” is frequently used. The document thatcontains a procedure can be called a “procedure document.”ISO 9000:2005(E)proficien
33、cy testing, nlaboratory, determination of labora-tory testing performance by means of interlaboratory testcomparisons. E1301qualitative analysis, nchemical, analysis in which sub-stances are identified or classified on the basis of theirchemical or physical properties, such as chemical reactivity,so
34、lubility, molecular weight, melting point, radiative prop-erties (emission, absorption), mass spectra, nuclear half-life,8ASTM Committee on Terminology, Compilation of ASTM StandardDefinitions, 7th ed., Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1990.9Websters Unabridged Dictionary, 1967, s.v. “class.”10Osterburg J.W.
35、, and Ward, R.H., Criminal Investigation: A Method forReconstructing the Past, Anderson Pub. Co.: Cincinnati, OH: 1992.E1732 172etc. (See also quantitative analysis.)IUPAC Terminologyquality assurance, nall the planned and systematic activitiesimplemented within the quality system, and demonstrated
36、asneeded, to provide adequate confidence that an entity willfulfill requirements for quality. ISO Guide 2quantitation limit, nthe minimum amount that can bequantitated with acceptable accuracy and precision. E2161quantitative analysis, nchemical, analyses in which theamount or concentration of an an
37、alyte may be determined(estimated) and expressed as a numerical value in appropri-ate units. Qualitative analysis may take place without quan-titative analysis, but quantitative analysis requires the iden-tification (qualification) of the analytes for which numericalestimates are given. IUPAC Termin
38、ologyquestioned, nassociated with the matter under investigationabout which there is some question, including, but notlimited to, whether the questioned and known items have acommon origin.recovery, nchemical, term used in analytical and preparativechemistry to denote the fraction of the total quant
39、ity of asubstance recoverable following a chemical procedure.IUPAC Terminologyreference material, na material or substance, one or more ofwhose property values are sufficiently homogenous and wellestablished to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, theassessment of a measurement method, or fo
40、r assigningvalues to materials. E1301repeatability, nprecision under repeatability conditions.E177, E456repeatability conditions, nconditions where independenttest results are obtained with the same method on identicaltest items in the same laboratory by the same operator usingthe same equipment wit
41、hin short intervals of time.E177, E456reproducibility, nprecision under reproducibility conditions.E177, E456reproducibility conditions, nconditions where test resultsare obtained with the same method on identical test items indifferent laboratories with different operators using differentequipment.
42、 E177, E456samplea group of items, test results or portions of material,taken from a large collection of items, test results or portionsof material, which serves to provide information that may beused as a basis for making a decision concerning the largercollection. E456sampleone or more sampling un
43、its taken from a popula-tion and intended to provide information on the population.ISO 3534:1993sampling, n(the) process of drawing or constituting asample. E1402, ISO 3534:1993selectivity, n(1)(qualitative): the extent to which othersubstances interfere with the determination of a substanceaccordin
44、g to a given procedure; (2)(quantitative): a termused in conjunction with another substantive (for example,constant, coefficient, index, factor, number) for the quanti-tative characterization of interferences. EURACHEM,IUPAC Terminologystandard, nmaterial of established origin with certifiedproperti
45、es.test, ndetermination of one or more characteristics accordingto a procedure. ISO 9000:2005(E)test method, na definitive procedure that produces a testresult. E456traceabilityproperty of a result of a measurement or value ofa standard whereby it can be related with a stateduncertainty, to stated r
46、eferences, usually national or interna-tional standards through an unbroken chain of comparisons.ISO Guide 30:1992(E/F)DISCUSSION(1) The concept is often expressed by the adjectivetraceable.(2) The unbroken chain of comparisons is called a traceability chain.(3) (Applicable only to the French text.)
47、(4) Traceability of values in the certification of reference materialsfor chemical composition is discussed in IS0 Guide 35:1989 (subclause9.3.1) where attention is drawn to the special problems associated withchemical analysis. Traceability of the chemical species is frequently ofequal or greater i
48、mportance than the traceability of the calibration of theinstruments used in the analysis.validation, nconfirmation, through the provision of objec-tive evidence, that the requirements for a specific intendeduse or application have been fulfilled.DISCUSSION(1) The term “validated” is used to designa
49、te thecorresponding status.(2) The use conditions for validation can be real or simulated.ISO 9000:2005(E)verification, nconfirmation, through the provision of objec-tive evidence, that specified requirements have been ful-filled.DISCUSSION(1) The term “verified” is used to designate the corre-sponding status.(2) Confirmation can comprise activities such as: performing alter-native calculations; comparing a new design specification with a similarproven design specification; and undertaking tests and demonstra
