1、Designation: E 1733 95 (Reapproved 2002)e1Standard Guide forUse of Lighting in Laboratory Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1733; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTE6.5 was editorially added in November 2007.1. Scope1.1 The use of artificial lighting is often required to studythe responses of living
3、organisms to contaminants in a con-trolled manner. Even if the test organism does not require light,the investigator will generally need light to manipulate thesamples, and the test might be conducted under the ambientlight of the laboratory. One will need to consider not onlywhether the particular
4、test organism requires light for growth,but also whether the environmental compartment relevant tothe test is exposed to light and, if so, what the attributes of lightare in that compartment. The light could affect growth of theorganism or toxicity of a contaminant, or both. For instance, ithas been
5、 shown that the toxicity of some organic pollutants isenhanced dramatically by the ultraviolet (UV) radiation presentin sunlight (1, 2).2Furthermore, the level of ambient lighting inthe laboratory (which might affect the test) is not standardized,nor is it comparable to natural environments. It is t
6、husimportant to consider lighting in all forms of environmentaltesting. When light is used in the test, one should determinewhether the spectral distribution of the radiation source mimicssunlight adequately to be considered environmentally relevant.Also, the container or vessel for the experiment m
7、ust betransparent, at the point of light entry, to all of the spectralregions in the light source needed for the test.1.2 It is possible to simulate sunlight with respect to thevisible:UV ratio with relatively inexpensive equipment. Thisguide contains information on the types of artificial lightsour
8、ces that are commonly used in the laboratory, composi-tions of light sources that mimic the biologically relevantspectral range of sunlight, quantification of irradiance levels ofthe light sources, determination of spectral outputs of the lightsources, transmittance properties of materials used for
9、labora-tory containers, calculation of biologically effective radiation,and considerations that should go into designing a relevantlight source for a given test.1.3 Special needs or circumstances will dictate how a givenlight source is constructed.This is based on the requirements ofthe test and the
10、 environmental compartment to which it istargeted. Using appropriate conditions is most important forany experiment, and it is desirable to standardize these condi-tions among laboratories. In extreme cases, tests using unusuallighting conditions might render a data set incomparable toother tests.1.
11、4 The lighting conditions described herein are applicableto tests with most organisms and using most chemicals. Withappropriate modifications, these light sources can be usedunder most laboratory conditions with many types of labora-tory vessels.1.5 The attributes of the light source used in a given
12、 studyshould list the types of lamps used, any screening materials, thelight level as an energy fluence rate (in W m2) or photonfluence rate (in mol m2s1), and the transmission propertiesof the vessels used to hold the test organism(s). If it is relevantto the outcome of a test, the spectral quality
13、 of the light sourceshould be measured with a spectroradiometer and the emissionspectrum provided graphically for reference.1.6 The sections of this guide are arranged as follows:Title SectionReferenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Safety Precautions 6Lamps 7Artifi
14、cial Lighting 7.1Light Sources 7.2Construction of Artificial Light Sources that Mimic Sunlight 8Sunlight 8.2Visible Light 8.2Visible Light Plus UV-B Radiation 8.3Simulated Solar Radiation 8.4Transmission Properties of Lamp Coverings and Laboratory Vessels 9Lamp Coverings 9.2Laboratory Vessels 9.3Mea
15、surement of Light 10Light Components 10.1Measurement of Light Quantity 10.2Spectroradiometry 10.31This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.06 on Technical Services and Support.Current ed
16、ition approved Sept. 10, 1995. Published November 1995.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Biologically Effective Radiation 11Co
17、nsiderations for Designing Light Sources for Environmental Testing 121.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
18、It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E 943 Terminology R
19、elating to Biological Effects and En-vironmental FateE 1218 Guide for Conducting Static 96-h Toxicity Testswith MicroalgaeE 1415 Guide for Conducting Static Toxicity Tests withLemna gibba G3E 1598 Practice for Conducting Early Seedling GrowthTestsIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
20、System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “can,”and “might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must”is used to express an absolute requirement, that is, to state thatthe conditions ought to be designed to satisfy appropri
21、atelighting, unless the purpose of a test requires a different design.“Must” is only used in connection with factors that directlyrelate to the acceptability of specific conditions. “Should” isused to state that a specified condition is recommended andought to be met if possible.Although violation o
22、f one “should”is rarely a serious matter, violation of several will often renderthe results of a test questionable. Terms such as “is desirable,”“is often desirable,” and “might be desirable” are used inconnection with less important factors. “May” is used to meanis (are) allowed to, “can” is used t
23、o mean is (are) able to, and“might” is used to mean could possibly. Thus the classicdistinction between may and can is preserved, and might isnever used as a synonym for either “may” or “can.”3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard (seealso Terminology E 943):3.2.1 fluenceamount of light
24、 per unit area, expressed asenergy (J m2) or photons (mol m2). This is sometimesequated to light dose.3.2.2 fluence rateflow rate of light, flux of light, or theamount of light per unit area per unit time. It is sometimesreferred to as light intensity, although this is not a desirableterm because in
25、tensity refers to the amount of radiation in aunit angle. The energy fluence rate (also irradiance, energyflow rate, or power) is usually given in units of J m2s1or Wm2(1Js1= 1 W). The photon fluence rate (flow rate on aquantum basis) is usually given in the unit mol m2s1. (Thisis equivalent to Eins
26、tein m2s1. An Einstein is Avogadrosnumber (a mole) of photons and was used for quantummeasurements but is no longer an SI supported unit (seeIEEE/ASTM SI 10 ).) The conversion between energy fluencerate and photon fluence rate is as follows:mol m22s215 Wm223lnm!38.36 3 1023(1)3.2.2.1 DiscussionThis
27、illustrates an inherent problem ofconverting between light units: the energy is wavelength (l)dependent, so conversion between energy and quantum unitsrequires knowledge of the spectral distribution of the lightsource (see 10.2.4 for conversion guidelines).3.2.3 fluorescenceemission of light by an e
28、xcited atom ormolecule.3.2.4 foot-candlelumen per ft2(see 3.2.8).3.2.5 frequency, (n)description of radiation as the numberof wave peaks passing a point in space per unit time. Units arenormally cycles s1or Hz.3.2.6 IRinfrared radiation (wavelength range, 760 nm to2000 nm).3.2.7 irradiancequantity o
29、f radiant energy received by aunit area per unit time. This is the same as the energy fluencerate.3.2.8 lumenlight emitted by a point source of 1 cd. It is aunit of luminosity or brightness used in photography and stagelighting and is irradiance based on sensitivity of the human eye(maximum sensitiv
30、ity at 550 nm). It has the same dimensionsas watts because it is equivalent to irradiance by definition.However, the lumen as a measurement is wavelength depen-dent (1 lm at l 560 nm is 1.5 mW, and 1 lm at l 430 nm is 127mW) (see 10.2.3), so extreme care should be used with thisunit. If possible, li
31、ght levels based on lumens should beconverted to an appropriate light unit for environmental studies(for example, W m2or mol m2s1) (see 10.2.4 forconversion guidelines).3.2.9 luxlumen per m2(see 3.2.8).3.2.10 photonone quanta (or single indivisible packet) oflight or radiant energy. A mole of photon
32、s (an Einstein) equalsAvogadros number (6.022 3 1023). The energy of a photon isrelated to its frequency or wavelength and is given byE = hn = hc/l, where h = planks constant (6.6 3 1034J s),c = speed of light (3 3 108ms1), n = frequency, and l= wavelength (if c is used in m s1, then l must also be
33、in m).3.2.11 spectral distributiona description of a light sourceas the quantity of light at each wavelength. An energy spectraldistribution is the energy of a light source given as a functionof wavelength. A photon spectral distribution is the number ofphotons in a light source as a function of wav
34、elength.3.2.12 UV-Aultraviolet A radiation (wavelength range,320 to 400 nm).3.2.13 UV-Bultraviolet B radiation (wavelength range,290 to 320 nm).3.2.14 UV-Cultraviolet C radiation (wavelength range,200 to 290 nm).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus
35、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E 1733 95 (2002)e123.2.15 visible lightthe spectral region visible to humans(wavelength range, 400 to 700 nm). This is the photosyntheti-cally active
36、 region of the spectrum as well.3.2.16 wavelength (l)the description of radiation (orradiant energy) as the distance between two consecutive peaksin an electromagnetic wave. Units are normally in nm. Theenergy of a photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength.Also, frequency 3 wavelength = spe
37、ed of light.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides information on several types oflaboratory light sources and the need for standardized lighting.The varieties of commercially available light sources and thespectral quality of their outputs are presented first. The ways inwhich different lamps c
38、an be assembled to mimic sunlight arethen summarized. There is a discussion of the methods formeasuring the amounts and spectral quality of light, and theneed for accurate standardized methods. Finally, a discussionon biologically effective radiation is included.5. Significance and Use5.1 The inform
39、ation in this guide is designed to allowinvestigators conducting research or tests of environmentalrelevance to select appropriate light sources.5.2 Investigators will be able to make reasonable selectionsof light sources based on cost, the requirements of the testorganisms, and the properties of th
40、e test chemicals.5.3 These methods have major significance for the compari-son of results between laboratories. Investigators at differentsites will be able to select similar light sources. This willprovide standardization of a factor that can have major impacton the effects of hazardous chemicals.6
41、. Safety Precautions6.1 Many materials can affect humans adversely if precau-tions are inadequate. Therefore, eye and skin contact withradiation (especially UV) from all light sources should beminimized by such means as wearing appropriate protectiveeyeware, protective gloves (especially when washin
42、g equip-ment or putting hands in test chambers or solutions), laboratorycoats, and aprons. Special precautions, such as enclosing testchambers and their light sources, and ventilating the areasurrounding the chambers, should be taken when conductingtests. Information on toxicity to humans (3-5), rec
43、ommendedhandling procedures (6-8), and chemical and physical proper-ties of the test material and light source should be studiedbefore a test has begun. Special procedures might be necessarywith UV light sources, radio-labeled test materials, and mate-rials that are, or are suspected of being, carci
44、nogenic (9-11).6.2 OzoneMany UV light sources (those emitting UV-C)produce ozone. For instance, xenon (Xe) arc lamps producesignificant amounts of ozone. Adequate ventilation should beprovided to remove the ozone.6.3 Ultraviolet RadiationAny light source producingUV-B or UV-C is harmful to eyes and
45、skin. In particular,contact with eyes is to be avoided, even for very short periodsof time. Eyes can be shielded with appropriate eyeware (safetyglasses or goggles that absorb UV radiation) available frommost scientific supply companies. The spectral quality of theeyeware should be checked periodica
46、lly with a UV/vis spec-trophotometer. Transmission should be less than 0.1 % for allwavelengths below 330 nm. Contact with skin is also to beprevented. In general, all light sources that generate UV-B willgenerate some UV-C as well.6.4 HeatMany light sources, especially short-arc lamps,create a high
47、 fluence rate of IR radiation. Skin, clothing, andother materials exposed to high levels of IR radiation aresubject to severe burns or may ignite.6.5 WarningMercury has been designated by EPA andmany state agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage
48、. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs website http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm - for additional in
49、for-mation. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/ormercury containing products into your state may be prohibitedby state law.7. Lamps7.1 Artificial LightingThe development of artificial light-ing stems from two needs: (1) the requirement for inexpensivecommercial and public lighting and (2) specialized lighting forresearch and technology (see Table 1 for a listing of some ofthe light sources available). There are essentially two ways thatTABLE 1 Light SourcesLampSpectralRegionsFluenceRateAApproximate CostBManufac-turersC
