1、Designation: E1733 95 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forUse of Lighting in Laboratory Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1733; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The use of artificial lighting is often required to studythe responses of living organisms to contaminants in a con-trolled manner. Eve
3、n if the test organism does not require light,the investigator will generally need light to manipulate thesamples, and the test might be conducted under the ambientlight of the laboratory. One will need to consider not onlywhether the particular test organism requires light for growth,but also wheth
4、er the environmental compartment relevant tothe test is exposed to light and, if so, what the attributes of lightare in that compartment. The light could affect growth of theorganism or toxicity of a contaminant, or both. For instance, ithas been shown that the toxicity of some organic pollutants is
5、enhanced dramatically by the ultraviolet (UV) radiation presentin sunlight (1, 2).2Furthermore, the level of ambient lighting inthe laboratory (which might affect the test) is not standardized,nor is it comparable to natural environments. It is thusimportant to consider lighting in all forms of envi
6、ronmentaltesting. When light is used in the test, one should determinewhether the spectral distribution of the radiation source mimicssunlight adequately to be considered environmentally relevant.Also, the container or vessel for the experiment must betransparent, at the point of light entry, to all
7、 of the spectralregions in the light source needed for the test.1.2 It is possible to simulate sunlight with respect to thevisible:UV ratio with relatively inexpensive equipment. Thisguide contains information on the types of artificial lightsources that are commonly used in the laboratory, composi-
8、tions of light sources that mimic the biologically relevantspectral range of sunlight, quantification of irradiance levels ofthe light sources, determination of spectral outputs of the lightsources, transmittance properties of materials used for labora-tory containers, calculation of biologically ef
9、fective radiation,and considerations that should go into designing a relevantlight source for a given test.1.3 Special needs or circumstances will dictate how a givenlight source is constructed.This is based on the requirements ofthe test and the environmental compartment to which it istargeted. Usi
10、ng appropriate conditions is most important forany experiment, and it is desirable to standardize these condi-tions among laboratories. In extreme cases, tests using unusuallighting conditions might render a data set incomparable toother tests.1.4 The lighting conditions described herein are applica
11、bleto tests with most organisms and using most chemicals. Withappropriate modifications, these light sources can be usedunder most laboratory conditions with many types of labora-tory vessels.1.5 The attributes of the light source used in a given studyshould list the types of lamps used, any screeni
12、ng materials, thelight level as an energy fluence rate (in W m2) or photonfluence rate (in mol m2s1), and the transmission propertiesof the vessels used to hold the test organism(s). If it is relevantto the outcome of a test, the spectral quality of the light sourceshould be measured with a spectror
13、adiometer and the emissionspectrum provided graphically for reference.1.6 The sections of this guide are arranged as follows:Title SectionReferenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Safety Precautions 6Lamps 7Artificial Lighting 7.1Light Sources 7.2Construction of Arti
14、ficial Light Sources that Mimic Sunlight 8Sunlight 8.2Visible Light 8.2Visible Light Plus UV-B Radiation 8.3Simulated Solar Radiation 8.4Transmission Properties of Lamp Coverings and Laboratory Vessels 9Lamp Coverings 9.2Laboratory Vessels 9.3Measurement of Light 10Light Components 10.1Measurement o
15、f Light Quantity 10.2Spectroradiometry 10.3Biologically Effective Radiation 11Considerations for Designing Light Sources for Environmental Testing 121.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1This guide is under the j
16、urisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last pr
17、evious edition approved in 2008 as E173395(2008). DOI:10.1520/E1733-95R14.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.8 This standard d
18、oes not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statement
19、s are given in Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-ronmental FateE1218 Guide for Conducting Static Toxicity Tests withMicroalgaeE1415 Guide for Conducting Static Toxicity Tests WithLemna gibba G3E1598 Practice for Conducting E
20、arly Seedling Growth Tests(Withdrawn 2003)4IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe words “must,” “should,” “may,”“can,” and “might” have very specific meanings in this guide.“Must” is used to express an absol
21、ute requirement, that is, tostate that the conditions ought to be designed to satisfyappropriate lighting, unless the purpose of a test requires adifferent design. “Must” is only used in connection with factorsthat directly relate to the acceptability of specific conditions.“Should” is used to state
22、 that a specified condition is recom-mended and ought to be met if possible. Although violation ofone “should” is rarely a serious matter, violation of several willoften render the results of a test questionable. Terms such as “isdesirable,” “is often desirable,” and “might be desirable” areused in
23、connection with less important factors. “May” is usedto mean is (are) allowed to, “can” is used to mean is (are) ableto, and “might” is used to mean could possibly.Thus the classicdistinction between may and can is preserved, and might isnever used as a synonym for either “may” or “can.”3.2 Descript
24、ions of Terms Specific to This Standard (seealso Terminology E943):3.2.1 fluenceamount of light per unit area, expressed asenergy (J m2) or photons (mol m2). This is sometimesequated to light dose.3.2.2 fluence rateflow rate of light, flux of light, or theamount of light per unit area per unit time.
25、 It is sometimesreferred to as light intensity, although this is not a desirableterm because intensity refers to the amount of radiation in aunit angle. The energy fluence rate (also irradiance, energyflow rate, or power) is usually given in units of J m2s1or Wm2(1Js1= 1 W). The photon fluence rate
26、(flow rate on aquantum basis) is usually given in the unit mol m2s1. (Thisis equivalent to Einstein m2s1. An Einstein is Avogadrosnumber (a mole) of photons and was used for quantummeasurements but is no longer an SI supported unit (seeIEEE/ASTM SI 10 ).) The conversion between energy fluencerate an
27、d photon fluence rate is as follows:mol m22s215 Wm223 nm! 38.36 31023(1)3.2.2.1 DiscussionThis illustrates an inherent problem ofconverting between light units: the energy is wavelength ()dependent, so conversion between energy and quantum unitsrequires knowledge of the spectral distribution of the
28、lightsource (see 10.2.4 for conversion guidelines).3.2.3 fluorescenceemission of light by an excited atom ormolecule.3.2.4 foot-candlelumen per ft2(see 3.2.8).3.2.5 frequency, ()description of radiation as the numberof wave peaks passing a point in space per unit time. Units arenormally cycles s1or
29、Hz.3.2.6 IRinfrared radiation (wavelength range, 760 nm to2000 nm).3.2.7 irradiancequantity of radiant energy received by aunit area per unit time. This is the same as the energy fluencerate.3.2.8 lumenlight emitted by a point source of 1 cd. It is aunit of luminosity or brightness used in photograp
30、hy and stagelighting and is irradiance based on sensitivity of the human eye(maximum sensitivity at 550 nm). It has the same dimensionsas watts because it is equivalent to irradiance by definition.However, the lumen as a measurement is wavelength depen-dent (1 lm at 560 nm is 1.5 mW, and 1 lm at 430
31、 nm is 127mW) (see 10.2.3), so extreme care should be used with thisunit. If possible, light levels based on lumens should beconverted to an appropriate light unit for environmental studies(for example, W m2or mol m2s1) (see 10.2.4 forconversion guidelines).3.2.9 luxlumen per m2(see 3.2.8).3.2.10 ph
32、otonone quanta (or single indivisible packet) oflight or radiant energy. A mole of photons (an Einstein) equalsAvogadros number (6.022 1023). The energy of a photon isrelated to its frequency or wavelength and is given by E =h = hc/, where h = planks constant (6.6 1034Js),c = speed of light (3 108ms
33、1), = frequency, and = wavelength (if c is used in m s1, then must also be in m).3.2.11 spectral distributiona description of a light sourceas the quantity of light at each wavelength. An energy spectraldistribution is the energy of a light source given as a functionof wavelength. A photon spectral
34、distribution is the number ofphotons in a light source as a function of wavelength.3.2.12 UV-Aultraviolet A radiation (wavelength range,320 to 400 nm).3.2.13 UV-Bultraviolet B radiation (wavelength range,290 to 320 nm).3.2.14 UV-Cultraviolet C radiation (wavelength range,200 to 290 nm).3For referenc
35、ed ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww
36、.astm.org.E1733 95 (2014)23.2.15 visible lightthe spectral region visible to humans(wavelength range, 400 to 700 nm). This is the photosyntheti-cally active region of the spectrum as well.3.2.16 wavelength ()the description of radiation (or ra-diant energy) as the distance between two consecutive pe
37、aks inan electromagnetic wave. Units are normally in nm. Theenergy of a photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength.Also, frequency wavelength = speed of light.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides information on several types oflaboratory light sources and the need for standardized ligh
38、ting.The varieties of commercially available light sources and thespectral quality of their outputs are presented first. The ways inwhich different lamps can be assembled to mimic sunlight arethen summarized. There is a discussion of the methods formeasuring the amounts and spectral quality of light
39、, and theneed for accurate standardized methods. Finally, a discussionon biologically effective radiation is included.5. Significance and Use5.1 The information in this guide is designed to allowinvestigators conducting research or tests of environmentalrelevance to select appropriate light sources.
40、5.2 Investigators will be able to make reasonable selectionsof light sources based on cost, the requirements of the testorganisms, and the properties of the test chemicals.5.3 These methods have major significance for the compari-son of results between laboratories. Investigators at differentsites w
41、ill be able to select similar light sources. This willprovide standardization of a factor that can have major impacton the effects of hazardous chemicals.6. Safety Precautions6.1 Many materials can affect humans adversely if precau-tions are inadequate. Therefore, eye and skin contact withradiation
42、(especially UV) from all light sources should beminimized by such means as wearing appropriate protectiveeyeware, protective gloves (especially when washing equip-ment or putting hands in test chambers or solutions), laboratorycoats, and aprons. Special precautions, such as enclosing testchambers an
43、d their light sources, and ventilating the areasurrounding the chambers, should be taken when conductingtests. Information on toxicity to humans (3-5), recommendedhandling procedures (6-8), and chemical and physical proper-ties of the test material and light source should be studiedbefore a test has
44、 begun. Special procedures might be necessarywith UV light sources, radio-labeled test materials, and mate-rials that are, or are suspected of being, carcinogenic (9-11).6.2 OzoneMany UV light sources (those emitting UV-C)produce ozone. For instance, xenon (Xe) arc lamps producesignificant amounts o
45、f ozone. Adequate ventilation should beprovided to remove the ozone.6.3 Ultraviolet RadiationAny light source producingUV-B or UV-C is harmful to eyes and skin. In particular,contact with eyes is to be avoided, even for very short periodsof time. Eyes can be shielded with appropriate eyeware (safety
46、glasses or goggles that absorb UV radiation) available frommost scientific supply companies. The spectral quality of theeyeware should be checked periodically with a UV/vis spec-trophotometer. Transmission should be less than 0.1 % for allwavelengths below 330 nm. Contact with skin is also to beprev
47、ented. In general, all light sources that generate UV-B willgenerate some UV-C as well.6.4 HeatMany light sources, especially short-arc lamps,create a high fluence rate of IR radiation. Skin, clothing, andother materials exposed to high levels of IR radiation aresubject to severe burns or may ignite
48、.6.5 WarningMercury has been designated by EPA andmany state agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing
49、 products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs website http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm - for additional infor-mation. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/ormercury containing products into your state may be prohibitedby state law.7. Lamps7.1 Artificial LightingThe development of artificial light-ing stems from two needs: (1) the requirement for inexpensivecommercial and public lighting and (2) specialized lighting forresearch and technology (see T
