1、Designation: E 1739 95 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Guide forRisk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum ReleaseSites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1739; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide to risk-based corrective action (RBCA),which is a consistent decision-making process for th
3、e assess-ment and response to a petroleum release, based on theprotection of human health and the environment. Sites withpetroleum release vary greatly in terms of complexity, physicaland chemical characteristics, and in the risk that they may poseto human health and the environment. The RBCA proces
4、srecognizes this diversity, and uses a tiered approach wherecorrective action activities are tailored to site-specific condi-tions and risks. While the RBCA process is not limited to aparticular class of compounds, this guide emphasizes theapplication of RBCAto petroleum product releases through the
5、use of the examples. Ecological risk assessment, as discussedin this guide, is a qualitative evaluation of the actual orpotential impacts to environmental (nonhuman) receptors.There may be circumstances under which a more detailedecological risk assessment is necessary (see Ref (1).21.2 The decision
6、 process described in this guide integratesrisk and exposure assessment practices, as suggested by theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA),with site assessment activities and remedial measure selectionto ensure that the chosen action is protective of human healthand the environment.
7、The following general sequence of eventsis prescribed in RBCA, once the process is triggered by thesuspicion or confirmation of petroleum release:1.2.1 Performance of a site assessment;1.2.2 Classification of the site by the urgency of initialresponse;1.2.3 Implementation of an initial response acti
8、on appropri-ate for the selected site classification;1.2.4 Comparison of concentrations of chemical(s) of con-cern at the site with Tier 1 Risk Based Screening Levels(RBSLs) given in a look-up table;1.2.5 Deciding whether further tier evaluation is warranted,if implementation of interim remedial act
9、ion is warranted or ifRBSLs may be applied as remediation target levels;1.2.6 Collection of additional site-specific information asnecessary, if further tier evaluation is warranted;1.2.7 Development of site-specific target levels (SSTLs) andpoint(s) of compliance (Tier 2 evaluation);1.2.8 Compariso
10、n of the concentrations of chemical(s) ofconcern at the site with the Tier 2 evaluation SSTL at thedetermined point(s) of compliance or source area(s);1.2.9 Deciding whether further tier evaluation is warranted,if implementation of interim remedial action is warranted, or ifTier 2 SSTLs may be appli
11、ed as remediation target levels;1.2.10 Collection of additional site-specific information asnecessary, if further tier evaluation is warranted;1.2.11 Development of SSTL and point(s) of compliance(Tier 3 evaluation);1.2.12 Comparison of the concentrations of chemical(s) ofconcern at the site at the
12、determined point(s) of compliance orsource area(s) with the Tier 3 evaluation SSTL; and1.2.13 Development of a remedial action plan to achieve theSSTL, as applicable.1.3 The guide is organized as follows:1.3.1 Section 2 lists referenced documents,1.3.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guid
13、e,1.3.3 Section 4 describes the significance and use of thisguide,1.3.4 Section 5 is a summary of the tiered approach,1.3.5 Section 6 presents the RBCA procedures in a step-by-step process,1.3.6 Appendix X1 details physical/chemical and toxico-logical characteristics of petroleum products,1.3.7 Appe
14、ndix X2 discusses the derivation of a Tier 1RBSL Look-Up Table and provides an example,1.3.8 Appendix X3 describes the uses of predictive model-ing relative to the RBCA process,1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment and is the direct responsibility of S
15、ubcommittee E50.04 on PerformanceStandards Related to Environmental Regulatory Programs.Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1995. Published November 1995. Originallypublished as ES 38 94. Last previous edition ES 38 94.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
16、this guide.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.3.9 Appendix X4 discusses considerations for institutionalcontrols, and1.3.10 Appendix X5 provides examples of RBCA applica-tions.1.4 This guide describes an approach for R
17、BCA. It isintended to compliment but not supersede federal, state, andlocal regulations. Federal, state, or local agency approval maybe required to implement the processes outlined in this guide.1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are tobe regarded as the standard. The values give
18、n in parenthesesare for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
19、 limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 1599 Guide for Corrective Action for Petroleum Re-leases32.2 NFPA Standard:NFPA 329 Handling Underground Releases of Flammableand Combustible Liquids43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 active re
20、mediationactions taken to reduce the con-centrations of chemical(s) of concern. Active remediationcould be implemented when the no-further-action and passiveremediation courses of action are not appropriate.3.1.2 attenuationthe reduction in concentrations ofchemical(s) of concern in the environment
21、with distance andtime due to processes such as diffusion, dispersion, absorption,chemical degradation, biodegradation, and so forth.3.1.3 chemical(s) of concernspecific constituents that areidentified for evaluation in the risk assessment process.3.1.4 corrective actionthe sequence of actions that i
22、n-clude site assessment, interim remedial action, remedial action,operation and maintenance of equipment, monitoring ofprogress, and termination of the remedial action.3.1.5 direct exposure pathwaysan exposure pathwaywhere the point of exposure is at the source, without a releaseto any other medium.
23、3.1.6 ecological assessmenta qualitative appraisal of theactual or potential effects of chemical(s) of concern on plantsand animals other than people and domestic species.3.1.7 engineering controlsmodifications to a site or facil-ity (for example, slurry walls, capping, and point of use watertreatme
24、nt) to reduce or eliminate the potential for exposure toa chemical(s) of concern.3.1.8 exposurecontact of an organism with chemical(s) ofconcern at the exchange boundaries (for example, skin, lungs,and liver) and available for absorption.3.1.9 exposure assessmentthe determination or estimation(quali
25、tative or quantitative) of the magnitude, frequency, du-ration, and route of exposure.3.1.10 exposure pathwaythe course a chemical(s) of con-cern takes from the source area(s) to an exposed organism. Anexposure pathway describes a unique mechanism by which anindividual or population is exposed to a
26、chemical(s) of concernoriginating from a site. Each exposure pathway includes asource or release from a source, a point of exposure, and anexposure route. If the exposure point differs from the source, atransport/exposure medium (for example, air) or media also isincluded.3.1.11 exposure routethe ma
27、nner in which a chemical(s)of concern comes in contact with an organism (for example,ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact).3.1.12 facilitythe property containing the source of thechemical(s) of concern where a release has occurred.3.1.13 hazard indexthe sum of two or more hazardquotients for mu
28、ltiple chemical(s) of concern or multipleexposure pathways, or both.3.1.14 hazard quotientsthe ratio of the level of exposureof a chemical(s) of concern over a specified time period to areference dose for that chemical(s) of concern derived for asimilar exposure period.3.1.15 incremental carcinogeni
29、c risk levelsthe potentialfor incremental carcinogenic human health effects due toexposure to the chemical(s) of concern.3.1.16 indirect exposure pathwaysan exposure pathwaywith at least one intermediate release to any media between thesource and the point(s) of exposure (for example, chemicals ofco
30、ncern from soil through ground water to the point(s) ofexposure).3.1.17 institutional controlsthe restriction on use or ac-cess (for example, fences, deed restrictions, restrictive zoning)to a site or facility to eliminate or minimize potential exposureto a chemical(s) of concern.3.1.18 interim reme
31、dial actionthe course of action tomitigate fire and safety hazards and to prevent further migra-tion of hydrocarbons in their vapor, dissolved, or liquid phase.3.1.19 maximum contaminant level (MCL)a standard fordrinking water established by USEPA under the Safe DrinkingWater Act, which is the maxim
32、um permissible level of chemi-cal(s) of concern in water that is delivered to any user of apublic water supply.3.1.20 Monte Carlo simulationa procedure to estimate thevalue and uncertainty of the result of a calculation when theresult depends on a number of factors, each of which is alsouncertain.3.
33、1.21 natural biodegradationthe reduction in concentra-tion of chemical(s) of concern through naturally occurringmicrobial activity.3.1.22 petroleumincluding crude oil or any fractionthereof that is liquid at standard conditions of temperature andpressure (60F and 14.7 lb/in.2absolute; (15.5C and 10
34、335.6kg/m2). The term includes petroleum-based substances com-prised of a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from crudeoil through processes of separation, conversion, upgrading, and3Withdrawn.4Available from National Fire ProtectionAssociation, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O.Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269
35、.E 1739 95 (2002)2finishing, such as motor fuels, jet oils, lubricants, petroleumsolvents, and used oils.3.1.23 point(s) of compliancea location(s) selected be-tween the source area(s) and the potential point(s) of exposurewhere concentrations of chemical(s) of concern must be at orbelow the determi
36、ned target levels in media (for example,ground water, soil, or air).3.1.24 point(s) of exposurethe point(s) at which an indi-vidual or population may come in contact with a chemical(s) ofconcern originating from a site.3.1.25 qualitative risk analysisa nonnumeric evaluationof a site to determine pot
37、ential exposure pathways and recep-tors based on known or readily available information.3.1.26 reasonable maximum exposure (RME)the highestexposure that is reasonably expected to occur at a site. RMEsare estimated for individual pathways or a combination ofexposure pathways.3.1.27 reasonable potenti
38、al exposure scenario a situationwith a credible chance of occurence where a receptor maybecome directly or indirectly exposed to the chemical(s) ofconcern without considering extreme or essentially impossiblecircumstances.3.1.28 reasonably anticipated future usefuture use of asite or facility that c
39、an be predicted with a high degree ofcertainty given current use, local government planning, andzoning.3.1.29 receptorspersons, structures, utilities, surface wa-ters, and water supply wells that are or may be adverselyaffected by a release.3.1.30 reference dosea preferred toxicity value for evalu-a
40、ting potential noncarcinogenic effects in humans resultingfrom exposure to a chemical(s) of concern.3.1.31 remediation/remedial actionactivities conducted toprotect human health, safety, and the environment. Theseactivities include evaluating risk, making no-further-actiondeterminations, monitoring
41、institutional controls, engineeringcontrols, and designing and operating cleanup equipment.3.1.32 risk assessmentan analysis of the potential foradverse health effects caused by a chemical(s) of concern froma site to determine the need for remedial action or thedevelopment of target levels where rem
42、edial action is required.3.1.33 risk reductionthe lowering or elimination of thelevel of risk posed to human health or the environment throughinterim remedial action, remedial action, or institutional orengineering controls.3.1.34 risk-based screening level/screening levels(RBSLs)risk-based site-spe
43、cific corrective action target lev-els for chemical(s) of concern developed under the Tier 1evaluation.3.1.35 sitethe area(s) defined by the extent of migrationof the chemical(s) of concern.3.1.36 site assessmentan evaluation of subsurface geol-ogy, hydrology, and surface characteristics to determin
44、e if arelease has occurred, the levels of the chemical(s) of concern,and the extent of the migration of the chemical(s) of concern.The site assessment collects data on ground water quality andpotential receptors and generates information to support reme-dial action decisions.3.1.37 site classificati
45、ona qualitative evaluation of a sitebased on known or readily available information to identify theneed for interim remedial actions and further informationgathering. Site classification is intended to specifically priori-tize sites.3.1.38 site-specific target level (SSTL)risk-based remedialaction t
46、arget level for chemical(s) of concern developed for aparticular site under the Tier 2 and Tier 3 evaluations.3.1.39 site-specificactivities, information, and dataunique to a particular site.3.1.40 source area(s)either the location of liquid hydro-carbons or the location of highest soil and ground w
47、aterconcentrations of the chemical(s) of concern.3.1.41 target levelsnumeric values or other performancecriteria that are protective of human health, safety, and theenvironment.3.1.42 Tier 1 evaluationa risk-based analysis to developnon-site-specific values for direct and indirect exposure path-ways
48、 utilizing conservative exposure factors and fate andtransport for potential pathways and various property usecategories (for example, residential, commercial, and industrialuses). Values established under Tier 1 will apply to all sites thatfall into a particular category.3.1.43 Tier 2 evaluationa r
49、isk-based analysis applying thedirect exposure values established under a Tier 1 evaluation atthe point(s) of exposure developed for a specific site anddevelopment of values for potential indirect exposure pathwaysat the point(s) of exposure based on site-specific conditions.3.1.44 Tier 3 evaluationa risk-based analysis to developvalues for potential direct and indirect exposure pathways atthe point(s) of exposure based on site-specific conditions.3.1.45 useran individual or group involved in the RBCAprocess including owners, operators,
