1、Designation: E1740 09An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining the Heat Release Rate and OtherFire-Test-Response Characteristics of WallcoveringComposites Using a Cone Calorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1740; the number immediately following the d
2、esignation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis test method provides a
3、 means for measuring the fire-test-response characteristics ofwallcoverings and wallcovering composites using a bench-scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers determinationof the ignitability and heat release rate of composites consistingof a wallco
4、vering, a substrate, and all laminating adhesives,coatings, and finishes. Heat release information cannot be usedalone to evaluate the flammability of wallcoverings. The dataare intended to be used for modeling or with other data toevaluate a material.1.2 This test method provides for measurement of
5、 the timeto sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heatrelease, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initialtest heat flux of 35 kW/m2. Heat release data at different heatfluxes are also obtained by this test method. The specimen isoriented horizontally, and a spark ignition
6、source is used.1.3 The fire-test-response characteristics are determinedusing the apparatus and procedures described in Test MethodE1354.1.4 The tests are conducted on bench-scale specimenscombining the components used in the actual installation.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded a
7、s thestandard. See IEEE/ASTM SI-10.1.6 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and propertyshall be used in conducting these tests. This test methodpotentially involves hazardous materials, operations, andequipment.1.7 This standard is use
8、d to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.8 Fire testi
9、ng of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and prop-erty shall be employed in conducting these tests. This testmethod may involve hazardous materials, operations, andequipment. Specific information about hazard is given inSection 6.1.9 This standard do
10、es not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta
11、ndards:2C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE906 T
12、est Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethodE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Fur
13、niture and Mattress Components or1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last
14、previous edition approved in 2007 as E1740 07a. DOI:10.1520/E1740-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
15、website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterIEEE/ASTM SI-10 American National Standard for Use ofthe International System of Units (SI): The Modern MetricSystem2
16、.2 NFPA Standard:3NFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for EvaluatingRoom Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall Covering2.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and TextileProductsVocabularyISO 5660 Fire TestsReaction to FirePart 1: Rate ofHeat Release from Building Products (
17、Cone CalorimeterMethod)ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod and associated with fire issues, refer to TerminologyE176 and ISO 13943. The definitions given in TerminologyE176 shall prevail in case of conflict. For definitions of
18、termsused in this test method and associated with textile issues, referto Terminology D123 and ISO 4880. The definitions given inTerminology D123 shall prevail in case of conflict.3.1.1 effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heatgenerated per unit mass lost by a material, product, orassembly,
19、when exposed to specific fire test conditions (seegross heat of combustion).3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe effective heat of combustion de-pends on the test method and is determined by dividing themeasured heat release by the mass loss during a specifiedperiod of time under the specified test conditions. Typ
20、ically, thespecified fire test conditions are provided by the specificationsof the fire test standard that cites effective heat of combustionas a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test conditions,involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations underhigh pressure, the effective heat o
21、f combustion will approxi-mate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire testconditions will represent or approximate certain real fireexposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion is theappropriate measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.3.1.2 gross heat of combustion, nthe ma
22、ximum amount ofheat per unit mass that theoretically can be released by thecombustion of a material, product, or assembly; it can bedetermined experimentally only under conditions of highpressure and in pure oxygen (contrast effective heat of com-bustion).3.1.3 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface
23、 per unit area,per unit time (see also initial test heat flux).3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe heat flux from an energy source,such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of atest (such as Test Method E1354 or Test Method E906) andthen reported as the incident heat flux, with the understanding
24、that the burning of the test specimen can generate additionalheat flux to the specimen surface. The heat flux can also bemeasured at any time during a fire test, for example asdescribed in Guide E603, on any surface, and with measure-ment devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes.Typical
25、 units are kW/m2, kJ/( m2), W/cm2, or BTU/(s ft2).3.1.4 initial test heat flux, nthe heat flux set on the testapparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe initial test heat flux is the heat fluxvalue commonly used whn describing or setting test condi-tions.3.1.5
26、 oxygen consumption principlethe expression of therelationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 heat release ratethe heat evolved from the speci-men, expressed per unit area of exposed specimen area pe
27、r unitof time.3.2.2 ignitabilitythe propensity for ignition, as measuredby the time to sustained flaming at a specified heating flux.3.2.3 net heat of combustion, nthe oxygen bomb (see TestMethod D5865) value for the heat of combustion, corrected forgaseous state of product water.3.2.3.1 DiscussionT
28、he net heat of combustion differsfrom the gross heat of combustion in that the former assessesthe heat per unit mass generated from a combustion processthat ends with water in the gaseous state while the latter endswith water in the liquid state.3.2.4 orientationthe plane in which the exposed face o
29、fthe specimen is located during testing, which is horizontalfacing up for this test.3.2.5 sustained flamingthe existence of flame on or overthe surface of the specimen for periods of4sormore.3.2.6 wallcoveringa fabric, vinyl, or paper-based productdesigned to be attached to a vertical wall surface f
30、or decorativeor acoustical purposes.3.2.7 wallcovering compositean assembly of a wallcov-ering, adhesive (if used), and substrate used as a vertical walltreatment for decorative or acoustical purposes.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based on the observation that,generally, the net h
31、eat of combustion is directly related to theamount of oxygen required for combustion. Approximately13.1 3 103kJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygenconsumed. Specimens in the test are burned in ambient airconditions while subjected to a prescribed external initial testheat flux of 35 kW/m2.4.2 Th
32、e heat release is determined by measurement of theoxygen consumption, as determined by the oxygen concentra-tion and flow rate in the combustion product stream, inaccordance with Test Method E1354.4.3 The primary measurements are oxygen concentrationand exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements
33、 includethe mass loss rate of the specimen, time to sustained flaming(or time to ignition), and effective heat of combustion. Ignit-ability is determined by measuring the time period from initialexposure to attainment of sustained flaming of the specimen.3Available from National Fire Protection Asso
34、ciation, 1 Batterymarch Park,Quincy, MA 02269-9101.4Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.E1740 0925. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the time tosustained flaming and heat release of materials and composit
35、esexposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the conecalorimeter apparatus.5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide infor-mation that can be used to compare wallcoverings and con-structions and for input to fire models.5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful informationfor prod
36、uct development by giving a quantitative measure ofspecific changes in fire performance caused by component andcomposite modifications.5.4 Heat release data obtained by this test method will beinappropriate if the product will not spread flame over itssurface under the fire exposure conditions of in
37、terest.5.5 Variations in substrates, mounting methods, and adhe-sives used to laminate composite products will potentiallyaffect the test responses. These variables must be controlledduring any comparative experiments.5.6 Test LimitationsThe test data are invalid if any of thefollowing occur:5.6.1 E
38、xplosive spalling,5.6.2 The specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition totouch the spark plug or swells up to the plane of the heater baseduring combustion, or5.6.3 The surface laminate rolls or curls when placed underthe radiant heater.5.7 The specimens are subjected to one or more specific set
39、sof laboratory conditions in this procedure. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it is not always possible by or from this test to predictchanges in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Theresults are therefore valid only for the fire test ex
40、posureconditions described in this procedure.6. Hazards6.1 The test procedures involve high temperatures and heatfluxes. Hazards therefore exist for burns, ignition of extraneousobjects or clothing, and inhalation of combustion products. Theoperator must use protective gloves for insertion and remov
41、alof the test specimens. Do not touch the cone heater or theassociated fixtures while hot, except with the use of protectivegloves.7. Test Specimens7.1 Size and Preparation:7.1.1 All elements of the test specimen shall represent theactual materials used in the final installation. Include thewallcove
42、ring, adhesive used for the lamination, and actualsubstrate. Wallcoverings that are laminated in the field shall bebonded to the actual substrate or to fiber-reinforced cementboard (Specification C1186) if a non-combustible substrate isanticipated. Use the adhesive recommended by the manufac-turer.
43、Test wallcovering composites as manufactured for use.7.1.2 The test specimens shall be cut to an overall size of100 by 100 mm and tested in the actual thickness, if acomposite. The maximum thickness to be tested is 50 mm. Ifsubstrates exceed this maximum, the back surface shall bemade thinner to red
44、uce the overall thickness of the specimen to50 mm.7.2 Specimens shall be cured according to the manufactur-ers instructions and conditioned at an ambient temperature of23 6 3C and relative humidity of 50 6 5 % for a minimum of48 h.7.3 Specimen Holder and Mounting:7.3.1 The specimen holder consists o
45、f the bottom, edgeframe, retaining pins, and wire grid. The bottom is constructedfrom 2-mm nominal stainless steel and has outside dimensionsof 106 by 106 6 2mmby246 2 mm height. The grid isconstructed from 2-mm nominal stainless steel rod and hasdimensions of 100 6 2by1006 2 mm. The grid has 2-mmri
46、bs, and the openings in the center are 18 6 1by186 1 mm.The edge frame is constructed from 1.9-mm nominal stainlesssteel with outside dimensions of 111 6 2by1116 2by5462-mm height. The frame has an 8-mm lip on the top to providean opening of 94 by 94 mm on the top. There are two 3 60.5-mm diameter b
47、y 130 6 3-mm long retaining pins to lockthe test specimen in the edge frame.7.3.2 The bottom is lined with a layer of a low-density(nominal density 65 kg/m3) refractory fiber blanket with athickness of at least 13 mm. If necessary, fill the edge framebelow the test specimens with a refractory blanke
48、t to the levelof the retaining pins. Lock the assembly with retaining pins,and place it on the bottom specimen holder. The distancebetween the bottom of the radiant heater and the top of the edgeframe is adjusted to 25 6 1 mm by using a sliding heightadjustment.8. Procedure8.1 Preparation:8.1.1 Cali
49、brate the test apparatus as directed in Test MethodE1354.8.1.2 Position the cone heater for a horizontal specimenorientation, and set the radiant heat flux level to the requiredvalue of 35 6 1 kW/m2.8.1.3 Verify that the distance between the bottom of thecone heater baseplate and the top of the specimen is 25 mm.8.1.4 Some specimens swell up and contact the heaterbaseplate or sparker assembly during the test. Contact of thespecimen with the sparker or heater baseplate will affect themass loss readings temporarily. The mass loss readings willresume if the spec
