1、Designation: E1740 10E1740 15 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining the Heat Release Rate and OtherFire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wall Covering orCeiling Covering Composites Using a Cone Calorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1740; the numb
2、er immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCT
3、IONThis test method provides a means for measuring the fire-test-response characteristics of wallcoverings, ceiling coverings, wall covering composites, and ceiling covering composites using abench-scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers det
4、ermination of the ignitability and heat release rate of composites consisting ofa wall covering or ceiling covering, a substrate, and all laminating adhesives, coatings, and finishes. Heat release informationcannot be used alone to evaluate the flammability of wall coverings or ceiling coverings. Th
5、e data are intended to be used formodeling or with other data to evaluate a material.1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release,and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. Heat
6、release data at different heat fluxes are alsoobtained by this test method. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.1.3 The fire-test-response characteristics are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.1.4 The tests are conduct
7、ed on bench-scale specimens combining the components used in the actual installation.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI-10.1.6 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall
8、beused in conducting these tests. This test method potentially involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate
9、 all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.8 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personneland property shall be employed in conductin
10、g these tests. This test method may involve hazardous materials, operations, andequipment. Specific information about hazard is given in Section 6.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this st
11、andard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsD123 Terminology Relating to Textiles1 This test method is under the jurisdicti
12、on ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and CombustionProducts.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010April 1, 2015. Published September 2010May 2015. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20092010 asE1740 09.E
13、1740 10. DOI: 10.1520/E1740-10.10.1520/E1740-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document
14、 is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appr
15、opriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United Sta
16、tes1D5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and CokeE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a
17、Thermopile MethodE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or CompositesUsing a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Ca
18、lorimeterIEEE/ASTM SI-10 American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 NFPA Standard:3NFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall CoveringNFPA 286 Standard Method of Fire Test for Eva
19、luating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth2.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile ProductsVocabularyISO 5660 Fire TestsReaction to FirePart 1: Rate of Heat Release from Building Products (Cone Calorimeter Method)ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVoc
20、abulary3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method and associated with fire issues, refer to Terminology E176 andISO 13943. The definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail in case of conflict. For definitions of terms used in this testmethod and associated
21、with textile issues, refer to Terminology D123 and ISO 4880. The definitions given in Terminology D123shall prevail in case of conflict.3.1.1 effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heat generated per unit mass lost by a material, product, or assembly, whenexposed to specific fire test conditio
22、ns (see gross heat of combustion).3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe effective heat of combustion depends on the test method and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by the massloss during a specified period of time under the specified test conditions. Typically, the specified fire test conditions
23、 are providedby the specifications of the fire test standard that cites effective heat of combustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain firetest conditions, involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations under high pressure, the effective heat of combustion willapproximate the gross
24、heat of combustion. More often, the fire test conditions will represent or approximate certain real fireexposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion is the appropriate measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.3.1.2 gross heat of combustion, nthe maximum amount of heat per unit mass that
25、 theoretically can be released by thecombustion of a material, product, or assembly; it can be determined experimentally only under conditions of high pressure andin pure oxygen (contrast effective heat of combustion).3.1.3 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area, per unit time (see als
26、o initial test heat flux).3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe heat flux from an energy source, such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of a test (such asTest Method E1354or Test Method E906) and then reported as the incident heat flux, with the understanding that the burning of the test specim
27、en cangenerate additional heat flux to the specimen surface. The heat flux can also be measured at any time during a fire test, for exampleas described in Guide E603, on any surface, and with measurement devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes. Typicalunits are kW/m2, kJ/( m2), W/cm2,
28、or BTU/(s ft2).3.1.4 initial test heat flux, nthe heat flux set on the test apparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe initial test heat flux is the heat flux value commonly used whn describing or setting test conditions.3.1.5 oxygen consumption principlethe e
29、xpression of the relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3 Available from National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.4 Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Swi
30、tzerland.E1740 1523.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 heat release ratethe heat evolved from the specimen, expressed per unit area of exposed specimen area per unit of time.3.2.2 ignitabilitythe propensity for ignition, as measured by the time to sustained flaming at a specified
31、 heating flux.3.2.3 net heat of combustion, nthe oxygen bomb (see Test Method D5865) value for the heat of combustion, corrected forgaseous state of product water.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe net heat of combustion differs from the gross heat of combustion in that the former assesses the heat per unit mass
32、 generatedfrom a combustion process that ends with water in the gaseous state while the latter ends with water in the liquid state.3.2.4 orientationthe plane in which the exposed face of the specimen is located during testing, which is horizontal facing upfor this test.3.2.5 sustained flamingthe exi
33、stence of flame on or over the surface of the specimen for periods of 4 s or more.3.2.6 wall or ceiling covering, na textile-, paper-, or polymeric (including vinyl)-based product designed to be attached to awall or ceiling surface for decorative or acoustical purposes.3.2.6.1 DiscussionWall or ceil
34、ing coverings with ink or topcoat layers added as part of the manufacturing process are included in this definition.3.2.7 wall or ceiling covering composite, nwall or ceiling covering system.NOTE 1The terms wall covering composite and ceiling covering composite, used in Test Method E1740, have the s
35、ame meaning as the terms wallcovering system and ceiling covering system, which are more widely used.3.2.8 wall or ceiling covering system, nan assembly of a textile wall or ceiling covering, a paper wall or ceiling covering, apolymeric (including vinyl) wall or ceiling covering, adhesive (if used),
36、 and substrate (if it is part of the assembly) used as a wallor ceiling treatment for decorative or acoustical purposes.3.2.8.1 DiscussionThe wall or ceiling covering material is usually intended to be directly attached to a substrate, via adhesives or mechanicalfasteners. In some cases the wall or
37、ceiling covering system will be supported by a frame system some distance away from thewall or ceiling covering material.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based on the observation that, generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to the amount ofoxygen required for combu
38、stion. Approximately 13.1 103 kJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed. Specimens inthe test are burned in ambient air conditions while subjected to a prescribed external initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2.4.2 The heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption, as det
39、ermined by the oxygen concentration andflow rate in the combustion product stream, in accordance with Test Method E1354.4.3 The primary measurements are oxygen concentration and exhaust gas flow rate.Additional measurements include the massloss rate of the specimen, time to sustained flaming (or tim
40、e to ignition), and effective heat of combustion. Ignitability is determinedby measuring the time period from initial exposure to attainment of sustained flaming of the specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materia
41、ls and composites exposedto a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used to compare wall or ceiling coverings andconstructions and for input to fire models.5.3 Heat release measurements provide u
42、seful information for product development by giving a quantitative measure of specificchanges in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications.5.4 Heat release data obtained by this test method will be inappropriate if the product will not spread flame over its surface underthe fi
43、re exposure conditions of interest.5.5 Variations in substrates, mounting methods, and adhesives used to laminate composite products will potentially affect thetest responses. These variables must be controlled during any comparative experiments.E1740 1535.6 Test LimitationsThe test data are invalid
44、 if any of the following occur:5.6.1 Explosive spalling,5.6.2 The specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug or swells up to the plane of the heater base duringcombustion, or5.6.3 The surface laminate rolls or curls when placed under the radiant heater.5.7 The specimens a
45、re subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory conditions in this procedure. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changesin the fire-test-response characteristics measured. The results ar
46、e therefore valid only for the fire test exposure conditions describedin this procedure.6. Hazards6.1 The test procedures involve high temperatures and heat fluxes. Hazards therefore exist for burns, ignition of extraneousobjects or clothing, and inhalation of combustion products. The operator must
47、use protective gloves for insertion and removal ofthe test specimens. Do not touch the cone heater or the associated fixtures while hot, except with the use of protective gloves.7. Test Specimens7.1 Size and Preparation:7.1.1 All elements of the test specimen shall represent the actual materials use
48、d in the final installation. Include the wall orceiling covering, adhesive used for the lamination, and actual substrate. Wall or ceiling coverings that are laminated in the fieldshall be bonded to the actual substrate or to fiber-reinforced cement board (Specification C1186) if a non-combustible su
49、bstrateis anticipated. Use the adhesive recommended by the manufacturer. Test wall or ceiling covering composites as manufactured foruse.7.1.2 The test specimens shall be cut to an overall size of 100 by 100 mm and tested in the actual thickness, if a composite.The maximum thickness to be tested is 50 mm. If substrates exceed this maximum, the back surface shall be made thinner to reducethe overall thickness of the specimen to 50 mm.7.2 Specimens shall be cured according to the manufacturers instructions and conditioned at an ambient temperature of
