1、Designation: E1760 09E1760 16Standard Guide forUnrestricted Disposition of Bulk Materials ContainingResidual Amounts of Radioactivity1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1760; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe feasibility of the recycle of recycling bulk material containing trace amounts of radioactiv
3、econtamination depends on the dose to the public that could occur as a result. However, the assessmentof this dose depends not only on the measurements of contaminants present, but also on the future useof the material and the pathways by which persons can be exposed. This guide provides arecommende
4、d approach to support a petition (to a regulatory agency) seeking approval for the recycleor disposal of the material outside of the radioactive materials regulatory arena.control.Since dose rate limits to the public have been established by regulation, this approach is arecommended way regulation f
5、or decommissioning by NRC (25 mRem/y) and remediation sites byEPA (15 mRem/y), this guide provides an approach to demonstrate compliance with them.thoseregulations.The Scope defines the range of applicability of this guide; the Summary identifies the two majorsteps that comprise the method; and the
6、significance of the guide is given in Section This guide 5.Section 6 discusses the need for dose rate based release criteria, and Section 7 delineates the steps fordeciding whether or not a material should be considered for recycle. Section 8describes the stepsneeded to implement the recommendations
7、 of this guide including recommendations for thedevelopment of a data package to support the petition and to serve as a permanent record.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the techniques for provides an approach for developing a basis for obtaining approval for release ofmaterials encountered in bulk mat
8、erials to be removed from a decontamination and decommissioning (D “Users Manual for RESRAD-BUILD,” ANL/EAD-03-1,”; “Users Manual for RESRAD-OFFSITE,”NUREG/CR-6937 and “RESRAD-RECYCLE, A Computer Model for Analyzing the Radiological Dose and Risks Resulting from the Recycle of Scrap Metal and the Re
9、useof Surface Contaminated Material and Equipment,” ANL/EAD-3. Available online at www.ead.anl.gov.6 International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.7 Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.E17
10、60 1633.1.8 non-impacted, adjterm that applies to material and equipment where there is no reasonable potential to containradionuclide concentration(s) or radioactivity above background.3.1.9 impacted, adjterm that applies to material and equipment that is not classified as non-impacted.4. Objective
11、4.1 The objective of this guide is to provide a methodology for distinguishing between material that must be carefully isolatedto prevent human contact from that which can be recycled or otherwise disposed of. It applies to material in which the radioactivityis dispersed more or less uniformly throu
12、ghout the volume of the material (termed residual in bulk form) as opposed to surfacecontaminated objects.4.2 Surface contaminated objects are materials externally contaminated with radioactive material. Provisions already exist fortheir release for recycle if it can be shown that they meet applicab
13、le federal and state regulatory requirements for surfacecontamination. NRC IE Circular 8107, Regulatory Guide 1.86 and DOE Order 458.1 provide guidance on radioactive surfacecontamination levels on material to be released for unrestricted use.4.3 The release of bulk material containing residual radi
14、oactive material (except for 226Ra), such as soil, equipment and buildingrubble or slightly activated metal, is based on the demonstration that the dose to a member of the public will be lower than aspecified value (proposed by the petitioner or defined by regulation) for its intended use and lower
15、than a second specified valuevia the most restrictive plausible scenario. The first proposed value should be lower than the second since the dose to any memberof the public (via the intended use scenario) will almost certainly be realized, whereas the dose from the alternate scenario willonly accrue
16、 if an unintended (and presumably less probable) circumstance arises. Federal regulation already exists for the releaseof 226Ra contaminated soils (40 CFR 192).5. Summary of Guide5.1 The owner of the material must first determine if the material is candidate for release.To do this one must take repr
17、esentativesamples of the bulk material and identify the radioactive contaminants and concentrations. The MARLAP document presentslaboratory protocols that provide assurances for the quality and accuracy of the sample analysis. Sampling should be done usingstandard statistical inspection methods. The
18、 MARSSIM document provides guidance for design of sampling protocols inaccordance with accepted statistical standards. For bulk materials contaminated on the exposed surfaces only, Guide E1893provides guidance for measurement and assessment of this radioactivity.The kinds of analyses shall be approp
19、riate for the potentialcontaminant expected, and performed using standard techniques (E1892). For some of these analyses, for example, 3H or 14C inactivated concrete or 55Fe in steel, the standard techniques are beyond the capabilities of many laboratories. Material that passesthe logic diagram show
20、n in Fig. 1 is candidate for release. The sampling, analysis, and determination of candidacy must bedocumented and included in the record package. The RESRAD family of computer codes, particularly RESRAD-RECYCLE,provide a methodology for correlating unrestricted disposition criteria with the measura
21、ble radiological quantities contained withinthe bulk materials. For example, end-point receptor dose may be correlated to radioactive concentration through site-specificpathways.5.2 Fig. 2 diagrammatically shows how a material that is candidate for release should be treated to justify its release fr
22、omradiological restriction use. Section 78 describes the methodology shown.6. Significance and Use6.1 Materials encountered during D radiologically contaminated materials; release of materialsE1760 167APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. TYPICAL INTENDED USES, EXPOSURE SCENARIOS, AND RECEPTORS FO
23、R BULK MATERIAL RELEASEX1.1 The intended use of a material is defined by the owner/petitioner based on the nature of the material and the plans of theintended recipient. The first column below lists common types of bulk materials encountered during decommissioning, as well asa common use for each. F
24、or example, concrete rubble could be used for clean fill, or disposed of in a sanitary landfill. Slightlycontaminated asbestos, in contrast, has no reuse but can be disposed of in a permitted sanitary landfill if the dose to the public issufficiently small. The second column identifies the way (scen
25、ario) that members of the public would receive the highest dosebecause of the intended use. For materials that are to be disposed of in a sanitary landfill, or used as fill, the greatest credible doseusually would occur if the land were later occupied by a resident farmer. The analysis to determine
26、the magnitude of the resultingdose would include all of the usual pathways applicable in the area where the material is to be placed, that is, direct exposure,resuspension, meat, milk, vegetables, aquatic foods, and drinking water. A possible intended use scenario for ferrous metal that isto be melt
27、ed and reused as structural steel would be the exposure to persons who dwell in an apartment constructed from that steel,and the applicable pathway would be by direct exposure. The third column lists the person who would receive the highest dose.Material Type/Use Intended Use Scenario ReceptorBuildi
28、ng rubble/landfill Residential FarmerAsbestos/landfill Residential FarmerGranular material/landfill Residential FarmerGranular material/clean fill Residential FarmerMetal ingot/structural Apartment Occupancy LesseeHazardous waste/permitted disposal Residential FarmerX2. TYPICAL UNPLANNED USES, EXPOS
29、URE SCENARIOS, AND RECEPTORS FOR BULK MATERIALRELEASEX2.1 The unplanned use of a material would occur if by mistake the material were not used for its intended purpose, but in someother way. The unplanned use scenario is the credible alternative to the intended use that gives the highest dose. For e
30、xample,material to be disposed of in a sanitary landfill may instead be dumped on the surface, or steel planned for structural purposes mayinstead be used in the manufacture of dishwashers or stoves. The residential farmer scenario is usually the most conservative formaterial placed in or on the gro
31、und, but pathways may differ. One suggested for granular fill is a residential scenario that includesas one pathway the ingestion by a child.Another pathway would apply if a resident farmer would dig up a hazardous waste disposalsite and be exposed to the trace radionuclides present.Material Type/Us
32、eSecondaryScenario ReceptorBuilding rubble/landfill excavation Residential FarmerAsbestos/landfill excavation Residential FarmerGranular material/landfill excavation Residential FarmerGranular material/clean fill Consumption Resident childMetal ingot/structural Home use DomesticHazardous waste/permi
33、tted landfill excavation Residential FarmerASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and
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