1、Designation: E 1776 01e1An American National StandardStandard Guide forDevelopment of Fire-Risk-Assessment Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1776; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEA safety hazards caveat and “no quantitative measurements” statement were added in October 2004.1. Scope1.1 This guid
3、e covers the development of fire-risk-assessment standards.1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standardsthat will provide procedures for assessing fire risks harmful topeople, property, or the environment.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, a
4、ssociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.2. Referenced Documents2.1
5、ASTM Standards:2E 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE 1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-AssessmentStandards2.2 Other Documents:SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Pro-tection, Society of Fire Protection Engineers and NFPA,Quincy, MA, 200033. T
6、erminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology E 176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fire-test-response-characteristic index, na singlequantitative measure that combines two or more fire-test-response characteristics for a material, product, or assembly, alldeveloped under test co
7、nditions compatible with a common firescenario, addressing collectively the corresponding threat. Seealso fire-test-response-characteristic profile, fire hazard, firerisk, fire-test-response characteristic.3.2.2 fire-test-response-characteristic profile, narray offire-test-response characteristics f
8、or a material, product, orassembly, all developed under test conditions compatible witha common fire scenario, addressing collectively the corre-sponding threat. See also fire hazard, fire risk, fire-test-response characteristic.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended for use by those unde
9、rtaking thedevelopment of fire-risk-assessment standards. Such standardsare expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specifi-cation writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on anapproach to the development of a fire-risk-assessment st
10、an-dard; fixed procedures are not established. Limitations of data,available tests and models, and scientific knowledge canconstitute significant constraints on the fire-risk-assessmentprocedure and associated standard.4.3 While the focus of this guide is on developing fire-risk-assessment standards
11、 for products, the general concepts pre-sented also can be applied to processes, activities, occupancies,and buildings.5. Key Elements5.1 This guide uses as its key elements the following:5.1.1 The purpose of a fire-risk-assessment standard is toprovide a standardized procedure for assembling a comp
12、ilationof information relevant to the fire risk of a product underspecific conditions of use.5.1.2 The information assembled shall be relevant to thepurpose of assessing the fire risk of the specific designatedproduct within the range of all relevant fire scenarios.5.1.3 The information assembled sh
13、all be explicit and quan-titative. It shall provide a sufficiently thorough examination ofthe products fire risk under the conditions defined by the scopeof the specific standard so as to permit valid choices anddecisions with respect to the fire risk of that product.5.1.4 A persuasive scientific ca
14、se must be made in thedocumentation of a specific fire-risk-assessment standard thatthe procedures, data, and risk measures specified by the1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.33 on Fire Safety Engineering.
15、Current edition approved October 10, 2001. Published January 2002. Originallypublished as E 177696. Last previous edition E 177696.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informa
16、tion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 022699101.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.standard will address questions about a products fi
17、re risk withsufficient accuracy and validity that a more thorough assess-ment procedure would not materially alter any decisions thatare to be made based on the standard. If such a case cannot bemade for all products to be addressed, then the risk assessmentshall specify those conditions under which
18、 a more thoroughfire-risk-assessment procedure is to be used.5.1.5 The absence of a data source, test method, or calcu-lation procedure of sufficient scope and proven validity tosupport the needs of a particular fire-risk-assessment proceduredoes not, by itself, provide a sufficient justification fo
19、r the useof a data source, test method, or calculation procedure of lesserscope or unproven validity. It is recognized that fire-riskassessments of such products may need to be performed in anyevent, using relevant nonstandardized procedures. When suchnonstandardized or unvalidated procedures are us
20、ed, the detailsshall be included to such an extent that the procedures becomestandardized only for use within the specified fire-risk-assessment procedure through final publication of the fire-risk-assessment standard document.5.1.6 Among the possible significant outcomes of a fire-riskassessment ar
21、e a revelation that a product produces either anincrease, no increase, or a decrease in fire risk on some or allrisk measures and for all or some of the scenarios specified bythe standard relative to another product or relative to baselinerisk values for those measures and scenarios. These baselinev
22、alues may or may not be derived from fire-risk assessment ofproducts already in use. However, when the product is pro-posed for an existing use, the appropriate baseline for com-parison is existing products having the same use. For example,if a products risk is uniformly rated greater than the refer
23、encevalues on all comparisons specified by the standard, then theoverall fire-risk assessment of the product will be greater thanthe fire risk of the baseline (or product in use).5.1.7 If the assessment shows that the product is notuniformly rated higher than, equivalent to, or less than theother pr
24、oduct(s) or the baseline for all risk measures, andreflecting all scenarios specified by the standard, then theimplications of the fire risk assessment for product evaluationwill not be clear without the development of appropriatedecision rules. Such rules would determine the overall risk,giving app
25、ropriate weighting to each risk measure.6. Relationship Between Fire Hazard and Fire Risk6.1 It is important to differentiate between fire hazard andfire risk. The relationship is as follows:6.1.1 A fire-hazard measure addresses the expected perfor-mance of a product for a particular fire scenario,
26、includingdesignated conditions of use. A fire-risk measure incorporatesfire-hazard measures but also incorporates the probability ofoccurrence of each fire scenario and addresses all relevant firescenarios.6.1.2 Because the number of distinguishable relevant firescenarios in any fire-risk assessment
27、 is usually unmanageablylarge, it will normally be necessary for fire scenarios to begrouped into classes for purposes of analysis. This may makethe fire-risk assessment less product-specific or less specific tospecific conditions of use than would be true of a fire-hazardassessment.6.1.3 Some exist
28、ing fire-risk-assessment models and calcu-lation procedures define fire risk as the sum over all firescenario classes of the probability-weighted fire hazard for thatfire scenario class. In such an approach:6.1.3.1 The fire scenarios in each fire scenario class shall bevery similar with respect to t
29、hose characteristics that determinefire hazard.6.1.3.2 Each fire scenario class will have a probability (Pi)that represents the likelihood of a fire corresponding to ascenario in that class.6.1.3.3 For each fire scenario class, a specific fire scenarioshall be chosen as representative of the class,
30、so that the firehazard for that specific fire scenario can be used as a validestimate of Hi, the fire hazard of the fire scenario class. This isdefined as the probability-weighted mean fire hazard for all thespecific fire scenarios in the fire scenario class, a quantity thatcannot be directly calcul
31、ated.6.1.3.4 If this structure is adopted, then the relationshipbetween fire risk measure and fire hazard measure is given bythe following formula:Risk 5 (iPi3 Hi! (1)where:Hi= hazard for representative scenario of scenario class i,i = 1, ., n andPi= probability of scenario class i, i = 1, ., n.6.1.
32、4 For a fire-risk-assessment standard, this formulashows that a fire-risk-assessment procedure may be constructedfrom a fire-hazard-assessment procedure, a valid structure offire scenario class and representative fire scenarios by class,and valid sources for fire scenario class probability data.7. F
33、ire Risk-Assessment Standards7.1 Fire-risk-assessment standards shall conform in styleand content to the ASTM Form and Style Manual4.7.2 Fire-risk-assessment standards shall include sectionsentitled: Scope, Significance and Use, Terminology, and Pro-cedure. The sections shall be numbered and arrange
34、d in thatorder.7.2.1 ScopeThe statement in the Scope should clearlystate:7.2.1.1 The product or class of products of interest,7.2.1.2 The fire scenario(s) included in the standard,7.2.1.3 The assumptions used in the standard,7.2.1.4 The structure of the fire-risk-assessment procedure,including test
35、methods, models, other calculation procedures,data sources, fire hazard measures, fire risk measures, and anyother evaluation criteria or procedures used, and7.2.1.5 Any limitations on the application of the standard,such as the manner, form, or orientation in which the productis incorporated within
36、 an assembly, geometric restrictionsessential to use of the product, the quantity of product in use,the end use of the product, and the type of occupancy to whichthe standard is applicable.7.2.2 Significance and Use:4Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Consho-hocken, PA 19
37、428.E177601e127.2.2.1 The major uses and any limitations of the standardfire-risk-assessment procedure shall be clearly described, in-cluding an explicit description of the extent to which theincluded fire scenarios, in 7.2.1.2, constitute all the relevant firescenarios for the product (class) and o
38、ccupancy type addressedby the standard.7.2.2.2 The significance of the assessment to users shall beclearly stated.7.2.3 TerminologyTerms unique to the fire-risk-assessment standard shall be clearly defined. Standard terms asdefined in Terminology E 176 shall be used.7.2.4 Procedure:7.2.4.1 This sect
39、ion shall include detailed descriptions ofthe fire-risk-assessment procedure and its component parts,including test methods, calculation procedures, scenario de-scription, data sources, and evaluation criteria or procedures.7.2.4.2 Where sources for data on fire experience or expertjudgment are cite
40、d, the procedures for assembling the data andthe accuracy, precision, and reliability of the data shall bedocumented. The data shall be accessible to personnel con-ducting or reviewing the fire-risk assessment.7.2.4.3 If calculation procedures include models, the ver-sions used shall be carefully id
41、entified and referenced, andmajor assumptions and limitations of the models shall benoted. Validation information, or lack thereof, shall also benoted.7.2.4.4 If calculation procedures are used, it will be espe-cially helpful if sample calculations are included.7.2.4.5 Standard test methods shall be
42、 carefully identifiedand referenced. If a test method not yet adopted as a nationalstandard is used, its descriptions shall provide all the informa-tion that would be included if it were being submittedseparately for consideration as a standard test method. Data onreproducibility and validation of n
43、onstandardized methodsshall be included or its unavailability shall be explicitly noted.Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection,Society of Fire Protection Engineers and NFPA, Quinc. If astandard test method has been modified for the standard, alldetails of the modification and evidenc
44、e of the effects of themodification on results shall be included. These guidelines alsoapply to any large-scale test protocols.8. Fire-Risk-Assessment Procedure8.1 Overview of Elements of Fire Risk:8.1.1 Possible sources of harm to people, directly or indi-rectly, include toxic (narcotic or irritant
45、) substances producedby a fire, thermal insults (heat stress and burns) due toconvected and radiant flux, obscuration of vision by smoke(which may interfere with the ability to escape), oxygendepletion, and structural damage leading to traumatic injury.8.1.2 Possible sources of harm to property incl
46、ude directdamage from heat, corrosive smoke, soot or firefighting, andindirect damage as a consequence of business interruption orother adverse effects on the ability of the property to be usedfor its designed purposes.8.1.3 Harm to the environment includes direct harm toanimals or plant life locate
47、d outside the property of origin, andindirect harm to people, animals, plant life, or property as aresult of contamination of air, water, or adjacent land.8.1.4 The fire risk of a product depends on its properties,how it is used, and the environment in which it is used,including the number and chara
48、cteristics of people potentiallyexposed and the value and fragility of property exposed to afire involving the product. Therefore, a fire-risk-assessmentprocedure for a particular product shall describe the product,how it is used, and its environment.8.2 Development of a Fire-Risk-Assessment Standar
49、dThesteps to follow in developing a fire-risk-assessment standardare as follows:8.2.1 Define the scope (for example, the product(s) orproduct class of interest, and where and how the products areused),8.2.2 Identify the measure of fire effect to be used indefining fire hazard and fire risk (for example, deaths, injuries,business loss, property loss),8.2.3 Identify the measure of fire risk as a function of themeasures of fire effect and fire hazard (for example, if firehazard is defined as fire effect for a specific scenario, then firerisk may be defined by the formula give
