1、Designation: E 1778 98a (Reapproved 2002)Standard Terminology Relating toPavement Distress1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1778; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology provides definitions for pavementdistress for airfields, highways, roads, streets, and parking lotsof all functional cla
3、ssifications.1.2 This terminology covers surfaces paved with eitherbituminous or portland cement concrete. It does not includeother paved or unpaved surfaces.1.3 This terminology includes most of the significant typesof pavement surface distresses, but it is not all inclusive.1.4 Not all distresses
4、noted are applicable to all pavementcategories listed in 1.1.1.5 Severity levels are not addressed in this terminology butare addressed in other ASTM test methods and practices (forexample, Test Method D 5340). However, a knowledge ofseverity levels is required for evaluating many of the distressesd
5、efined in this terminology.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 5340 Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition IndexSurveys23. TerminologyGENERALbituminous pavement, na pavement comprising an upperlayer or layers of aggregate mixed with a bituminous binder,such as asphalt, coal tars, and nat
6、ural tars for purposes of thisterminology; surface treatments such as chip seals, slurryseals, sand seals, and cape seals are also included.continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP),nPortland cement concrete pavement with sufficient lon-gitudinal steel reinforcement to control transverse crac
7、kspacings and openings in lieu of transverse contraction jointsfor accommodating concrete volume changes and loadtransfer.crack, nfissure or discontinuity of the pavement surface notnecessarily extending through the entire thickness of thepavement.depression, nlocalized pavement surface areas at a l
8、owerelevation than the adjacent paved areas.free edge, nan unrestrained pavement boundary.joint, na discontinuity made necessary by design or byinterruption of a paving operation.joint seal deterioration, nany condition which enablesincompressible materials or water to infiltrate into a previ-ously
9、sealed joint from the surface.DISCUSSIONAbility to prevent water infiltration is an attribute thatcannot always be readily determined visually.jointed concrete pavement (JCP), n Portland cementconcrete pavement that has transverse joints placed atplanned intervals.lane-to-shoulder dropoff, n(highway
10、s, roads and streetsonly) difference in elevation between the traveled surfaceand the shoulder surface.longitudinal cracking, ncracks in the pavement predomi-nantly parallel to the direction of traffic.pavement distress, nexternal indications of pavement de-fects or deterioration.portland cement con
11、crete pavement, n a pavement havinga surface of aggregate mixed with portland cement pastebinder or a mixture of portland cement and other pozzolans.pumping, n ejection of liquid or solid material or both frombeneath the pavement through a crack or joint.shoving, n the horizontal displacement of a l
12、ocalized area ofthe pavement surface which may also include some verticaldisplacement.DISCUSSIONGenerally associated with turning, braking or acceler-ating vehicles. Can also be due to concrete expansion against adjacentbituminous pavement.slippage cracking, n cracking associated with the horizontal
13、displacement of a localized area of the pavement surface.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 onVehicle-Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE17.41on Pavement Management.Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published February 2003. Original
14、lyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 1778 98a.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.swell, na hump in the pavement surface that may occur overa small area
15、 or as a longer, gradual wave; either type of swellcan be accompanied by surface cracking.transverse cracking, ncracks in the pavement that arepredominantly perpendicular to the direction of traffic.BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT DISTRESSESalligator (crocodile) cracking, n interconnected or inter-laced cracks
16、forming a pattern which resembles an alliga-tors hide.bituminous bleeding, n excess bitumen on the surface ofthe pavement, usually found in the wheel paths.block cracking, na pattern of cracks that divide the pave-ment into approximately rectangular pieces, ranging in sizefrom approximately 0.1 m2to
17、 1.0 m2(1 ft2to 100 ft2).corrugation, ntransverse undulations at regular intervals inthe surface of the pavement consisting of alternate valleysand crests not more than1m(3ft)apart.edge cracking, ncrescent-shaped cracks or fairly continuouscracks that are located within 0.6 m (2 ft) of the pavemente
18、dge.jet-blast erosion, n( airfields only) darkened areas on thepavement surface where bituminous binder has been burnedor carbonized; localized burned areas may vary in depth upto approximately 15 mm (12in.).oil spillage, na localized deterioration or softening of thepavement surface caused by the s
19、pilling of oil, fuel, or othersolvents.polished aggregate, nexposed aggregate worn sufficientlysmooth to affect frictional characteristics.potholes, nbowl-shaped holes in the pavement surface,greater than 0.1 m (4 in.) in diameter, and more than 25 mm(1 in.) in depth.raveling, nloss of pavement surf
20、ace material involving thedislodging of aggregate particles and degradation of thebituminous binder.reflection cracking at joints, n cracks in bituminous over-lay surfaces that occur over concrete pavements at joints.rut, na contiguous longitudinal depression deviating from asurface plane defined by
21、 transverse cross slope and longitu-dinal profile.PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTSURFACE DISTRESSESblowups, nlocalized upward movement of the pavementsurface at transverse joints or cracks, often accompaniedwith shattering of the concrete in that area.corner breaks, n( JCP only) a portion of the s
22、lab separatedby a crack that intersects the adjacent transverse andlongitudinal joints, describing approximately a 45 degreeangle with the direction of traffic where the length of thesides is from 0.3 m (1 ft) to one half the width of the slab.durability “D” cracking, nclosely spaced crescent-shaped
23、hairline cracking pattern that initiates adjacent to joints,cracks, or free edges, first manifesting itself at the intersec-tion of joints, cracks or free edges; dark coloring of thecracking pattern and surrounding area often exists with “D”cracking.faulting of joints and cracks, n difference in ele
24、vationacross a joint or crack.joint spalling, ncracking, breaking, or chipping of concretepavement edges within 0.6 m (2 ft) of a joint.lane-to-shoulder separation, n(highways, roads and streetsonly) widening of the joint between the edge of the slab andthe shoulder.map cracking, na series of interc
25、onnected cracks thatextend only into the upper portion of the slab.patch, na portion of pavement surface which has beenreplaced or where additional material has been applied to thepavement after original construction.popouts, nsmall holes in the pavement surface, normallyranging in diameter from 25
26、mm (1 in.) to 100 mm (4 in.)and depth from 13 mm (0.5 in.) to 50 mm (2 in.).pumping, nejection of water, material, or both from beneaththe pavement through a crack or joint.DISCUSSIONThe mechanism for ejection is not necessarily limited totraffic loading.punchouts, na broken area of a concrete slab
27、bounded byclosely spaced cracks (usually less than1m(3ft).scaling, nthe deterioration of the upper concrete slab sur-face, normally 3 mm (0.125 in.) to 13 mm (0.5 in.) in depth,resulting in the loss of surface mortar.transverse construction joint deterioration, n(CRCP only)series of closely spaced t
28、ransverse cracks or a large numberof interconnecting cracks occurring near a construction joint.4. Significance and Use4.1 This terminology provides a reference for definingpavement distress types regardless of the ultimate intended usefor the data or the amount, or both, of pavement to be surveyed.
29、4.2 This terminology may be used with both manual andautomated distress surveys. The terminology will allow equip-ment manufacturers to develop automated methodologies thatwill help address the needs of agencies at all levels ofgovernment, based on a common set of definitions, while at thesame time
30、being readily adaptable for use with manualsurveying.4.3 This terminology will allow agencies to identify anddefine pavement distresses in the same terms. Similarly, itallows agencies at the same level to discuss and comparepavement surface distresses using common terms.4.4 There are many different
31、uses for distress surveys;however, from an engineering point of view, the purpose forconducting these surveys may include one or more of thefollowing:4.4.1 Describe present pavement condition,4.4.2 Predict future pavement condition (deteriorationcurves),4.4.3 Identify current and future pavement mai
32、ntenance andconstruction needs,4.4.4 Facilitate pavement maintenance and constructionprogramming,4.4.5 Determine effectiveness of alternative treatments,4.4.6 Select maintenance treatment,4.4.7 Identify needed spot improvements, andE 1778 98a (2002)24.4.8 Develop maintenance and construction quantit
33、y esti-mates.5. Hazards5.1 The collection of pavement distress information is ahazardous activity generally conducted in the presence ofoperational traffic. If the facility is closed for inspection, allregulatory and professional practice standards must be appliedto provide traffic protection and tr
34、affic control for thosepersonnel in the work zone.5.2 If the data are collected using an automated device thattravels at highway speeds, this activity should also be con-ducted in accordance with appropriate local and nationalregulatory methods and safety procedures. Appropriate adher-ence to traffi
35、c laws, common driving practices and safetymeasures is essential.5.3 Traffic is a hazard to inspectors who must walk on thepavement to perform manual condition surveys. Inspectionmust be approved by and coordinated with the local authority.BIBLIOGRAPHY(1) American Public Works Association, “APWA-COE
36、 Paver, Pave-ment Condition Index Field Manual, Asphalt”American PublicWorks Association, “APWA-COE Paver, Pavement Condition In-dex Field Manual, Concrete”(2) Paterson, D. O., and Scullion, T., “Information Systems for RoadManagement: Draft Guidelines on System Design and Data Issues,”Policy Techni
37、cal Paper INU77, Infrastructure and Urban Develop-ment Department, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1990.(3) “Pavement Maintenance Management,” Technical Manual, TM5-623, Department of the Army.(4) Shahin, M. Y., Darter, M. I., and Kohn, S. D., et al, “Developmentof a Pavement Maintenance Management Syst
38、em,” Vols I, II and V:Airfield Pavement Condition Rating, U.S. Air Force Civil Engi-neering Center, 1976.(5) Kohn, S. D., and Shahin, M. Y., “Evaluation of the PavementCondition Index for Use on Porous Friction Surfaces,” TechnicalReport No. M-351, U.S. Army Construction Engineering ResearchLaborato
39、ry, Champaign, IL, 1984.(6) “Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term Pavement Per-formance Project,” SHRP-P-338, Strategic Highway ResearchProgram, National Research Council, 1993.(7) Yoder, E., and Witczak, M., Principles of Pavement Design, SecondEdition, John Wiley or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 1778 98a (2002)3
