1、Designation: E 1780 04Standard Guide forMeasuring Outdoor Sound Received from a Nearby FixedSource1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1780; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis is one of a series of standards and guidelines for measurement and evaluation of communitynoise. Also in preparation is a st
3、andard method for preparing a measurement plan and a guide todetermine the validity and significance of outdoor noise measurement data. Techniques andprecautions in this guide are not fixed or mandatory and cannot replace the judgment of acousticalprofessionals. Rather, this guide is a summary of pr
4、ocesses found to be productive and useful inensuring that meaningful information will be gathered in an efficient manner about fixed sources ofnoise in a community as they each may exist. Others in this series include Guide E 1014, which coversmanual A-Weighted measurements of outdoor noise using a
5、simple meter, and Test Method E 1503.ANSI 12.18 provides a method of obtaining repeatable sound pressure level measurements of thesound emitted by a source. This document differs in that atmospheric and ground effects are notcontrolled. Thus, the results may not repeat if atmospheric conditions or g
6、round conditions betweenthe source and the measurement position change. This guide provides only a method of accuratelydocumenting the sound levels occurring at the measurement position at the time of measurement.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the measurement of outdoor sounddue to a fixed sound sour
7、ce such as a siren, stationary pump,power plant, or music amphitheater. Procedures characterizethe location, sound level, spectral content, and temporalcharacteristics of that sound source at the time of measurement.Users should be aware that wind and temperature gradients cancause significant varia
8、tions in sound levels beyond 300 m(1000 ft). With appropriate caution, the use of measurementsresulting from this guide include but are not limited to:1.1.1 Assessing compliance with applicable regulations,1.1.2 Monitoring the effectiveness of a noise reduction plan,1.1.3 Verifying the effectiveness
9、 of measures for mitigationof noise impact,1.1.4 Validating sound prediction models, and1.1.5 Obtaining source data for use in sound predictionmodels.1.2 This guide may be used according to Guide E 1779 andspecified in the measurement plan.1.2.1 This guide can also be used to conduct measurementswit
10、hout a plan provided an operator/observer whose qualifica-tions are satisfactory to both the performing organization andthe user of the results is present at all times during themeasurements and who complies with the applicable require-ments of this guide, including record keeping.1.3 This standard
11、does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM S
12、tandards:2C 634 Terminology Relating to Environmental AcousticsE 1014 Guide for Measurement of Outdoor A-WeightedSound LevelsE 1503 Test Method for Conducting Outdoor Sound LevelMeasurements Using a Digital Statistical Analysis SystemE 1779 Guide for Preparing a Measurement Plan for Con-ducting Outd
13、oor Sound Measurements2.2 ANSI Standards:3S1.4 Specification for Sound Level Meters1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on EnvironmentalAcoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.09 on CommunityNoise.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2004. Published March 20
14、04. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as E 1780962For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag
15、e onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.S1.11 Octave-band and Fractional Octave-band Analog andDi
16、gital Filters, Specifications forS1.13 Methods for the Measurement of Sound PressureLevelsS1.40 Specification for Acoustical (Microphone) Calibra-torsS12.1 American National Standard Guidelines for thePreparation of Standard Procedures for the Determinationof Noise Emission from SourcesS12.14 Sirens
17、S12.18 1994 American National Standards Procedures forOutdoor Measurement of Sound Pressure LevelS12.7 American National Standard Methods for Measure-ments of Impulse NoiseS12.9 American National Standard Quantities and Proce-dures for Description and Measurement of EnvironmentalSound, Parts 1, 2, a
18、nd 33. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide including, butnot limited to, barrier, dummy microphone, equivalent soundlevel, Leq, impulse sound, interference, measurement plan,measurement set, noise floor, self-noise, and time averagesound level, see Terminology C 6343.2 fixed s
19、ourceany permanently installed equipment ca-pable of emitting sound on a regular basis such as a pump,power station, warning siren or sound amplification systempermanently installed or stationary for a concert.4. Significance and Use4.1 Situations for which outdoor sound level data arerequired inclu
20、de, but are not limited to, comparison of soundlevels with criteria or regulatory limits.4.2 This guide provides information to (1) measure outdoorsound level in the vicinity of outdoor fixed noise sources, and(2) document other observations necessary for the measure-ments. This guide provides a sta
21、ndard procedure for a trainedacoustical professional that will produce results and documen-tation which are consistent with the purposes cited in 1.1.1-1.1.5.4.3 These sound measurements should be performed by orunder the direction of a person experienced in the measurementand analysis of outdoor so
22、und, and who is familiar with the useof the required equipment and techniques.4.4 This guide can be used by individuals, regulatoryagencies, or others as a measurement guide to collect data onthe sound level received from a fixed source within theconstraints cited in 8.1 and Appendix X2.4.5 This gui
23、de can be used to establish compliance ornoncompliance at the time, distance, and conditions duringwhich the data were obtained. However, this guide is only ameasurement procedure and does not address the problem ofprojecting the acquired data outside those conditions, othertimes of day, other dista
24、nces, or comparison with specificcriteria. In particular, for a given sound source level, distantnoise levels will often be found to be greater at night thanduring the day.5. Apparatus5.1 Acoustical Measurements:5.1.1 Use a Type 1 or Type 2 sound level meter as definedby ANSI S1.4 and with a dynamic
25、 range of at least 60 dB. Theinstrument should have a buffered AC signal output port topermit the use of headphones. If measurements are to be madein fractional octave-bands, the system should include filter setsthat fulfill the objectives of the measurement plan. Filtersshould meet the requirements
26、 of ANSI S1.11.5.1.2 Outdoor Microphone SystemAt a minimum theoutdoor microphone system should consist of the following:5.1.2.1 Microphone and preamplifier recommended by themanufacturer of the measurement instrument, and compatiblewith and supporting the ANSI Type 1 or Type 2 requirement ofthe soun
27、d level meter portion of the system. The microphoneshould also meet the measurement requirements for frequencyresponse, directional response and internal background noise(self-noise).5.1.2.2 Microphone windscreen compatible with the micro-phone system and meeting the requirements of the measure-ment
28、 plan and the weather conditions under which measure-ments are made.5.1.3 The microphone system should include the followingfeatures as appropriate for the time duration and weatherconditions expected during the measurement set.5.1.3.1 Microphone and preamplifier system that does notexperience a sen
29、sitivity or frequency response change beyondANSI Type 1 or Type 2 limits caused by moisture andtemperature effects during the course of the measurement.5.1.3.2 Microphone rain shield for use when applicable.5.1.3.3 A tripod of the type normally used for supportingphotographic equipment, a mast, or o
30、ther support sufficientlystrong to support the weight of the microphone, possibly thesound level meter and attached protective equipment.5.1.3.4 To prevent fouling of windscreens by roosting birdsduring long term and unattended measurement, it is recom-mended that a bird repellant device, known as a
31、 “bird spike” beinstalled on the windscreen.5.1.4 Acoustical calibrator (required), with adapters neces-sary to fit the microphone.5.1.5 Headphones (recommended)Headphones for moni-toring the AC output of the sound level meter portion of theanalyzer should have the ability to exclude external sound
32、andprevent sound from the earphones from reaching the measure-ment microphone. The headphones, with an appropriatebattery-powered driver, should have sufficient frequency re-sponse to permit detection of anomalies in the data caused bywind, humidity, and electrical interference. A frequency re-spons
33、e of 5020 000 Hz is adequate. The headphones or otherload should be correctly matched to the source impedance ofthe sound level meter AC output port.NOTE 1Caution: Headphone impedance may not be compatible withthe AC output port of some sound level meter instruments. An impedancematching amplifier (
34、buffer) may be required. Failure to use such anamplifier, when needed, can cause the meter to produce inaccurate results.If the sound level meter circuit is modified to use headphones, a functionalcheck and calibration of that sound level meter must be performed by aqualified technician before using
35、 that instrument.E17800425.1.6 When there is likelihood of rain, extreme heat orhumidity, or of extreme cold conditions, an enclosure capableof protecting the critical components of the measurementinstruments from causing measurement error should be pro-vided. (See 5.1.3.2 regarding protection for t
36、he microphone.)5.2 Physical Measurements:5.2.1 DistanceThe accuracy of the distance measure-ments to be used in calculations must be within 5 %. Anytechnique that provides this degree of accuracy is satisfactory.If the data are to be used for modeling, and if the study area isundulating in nature, a
37、nd the variation in elevation exceeds 2 m(6 ft), it is recommended that a topographical map be consultedfor estimating elevation of sound sources, potential receptors,and potential acoustical barriers.5.2.2 DirectionA pocket compass should be used for sitelayout work and determination of wind direct
38、ion within 45degrees.5.2.3 Site MapA scale map of the measurement siteenvirons should be available while preparing for measure-ments. The fixed source position and all measurement locationsshould be annotated on that map.5.3 Meteorological Observations:5.3.1 Observe and record wind speed, relative h
39、umidity, andtemperature for potential effects on the sound level meterinstruments, and these factors plus wind direction for potentialeffects on sound propagation from the fixed sound source toeach measurement location. General accuracy meteorologicalinstruments should be available to measure:5.3.1.
40、1 Wind speed (5-km/h or 2.5-mph increments),5.3.1.2 Wind direction to the nearest of the eight commoncompass directions,5.3.1.3 Relative humidity (in 10 % increments), and5.3.1.4 Dry bulb temperature (in 2C or 5F increments).NOTE 2NOAA weather reports may be used for wind, temperature,and humidity d
41、ata when meteorological instruments are not available onsite.5.3.2 Site absolute atmospheric pressure may be requiredfor the proper use of the microphone calibrator. See AppendixX1.5.4 PhotographsA camera should be carried by the mea-surement team for the purpose of documenting the equipmentsetup an
42、d surroundings at least once at each measurementlocation.6. Calibration and Self-Noise6.1 The measurement system should be calibrated and itsself-noise, also known as “noise floor” determined according toAppendix X1.7. Interference from Airborne Sound andElectromagnetic Fields7.1 Sound level meter m
43、easurements are subject to interfer-ence from a number of sources, some of which are discussed inAppendix X2.8. Measurement Plan and Procedure8.1 A measurement plan should be established to produceaccurate data according to the stated objectives of the test (seeGuide E 1779). These objectives should
44、 be coordinated withthe sponsoring person or agency, and if possible with repre-sentatives of any contending person or agency.8.2 Measurement LocationsEstablish a source envelopewhich just encloses the noise sources. This may be a rectangleA 3 B, or any other appropriate shape around the fixed sourc
45、eor source complex, for example, a pumping station or amphi-theatre. Prescribe a measurement surface at 10 m or some otherfixed distance from that inner surface and where there isconfidence that the measurements so made will be meaningfulin representing the sound level in that azimuthal direction of
46、that or other identical fixed noise sources in the foreseeablefuture. See Fig. 1. Sound level measurements should be madeon this source emission surface for reference in evaluatingsound level data obtained at greater distances.8.2.1 Use USGS 7 + minute topographic maps or appropri-ate site plans as
47、a graph layout medium. Circumscribe circlesoutside and centered on the centroid of the source envelope.The radius ranges selected should be divided into nominallogarithmic increments that result in equal decibel level reduc-tions with a minimum of two radii. For example, the set of 30m, 100 m, 300 m
48、, and 1000 m will produce level reductions ofabout 10 dB each, but any convenient values may be used. It isemphasized that at distances beyond 30 m and especiallybeyond 300 m, the sound diminishment with distance will bestrongly influenced by wind, temperature gradients, and groundconditions. In add
49、ition, the received level is modified byinterference between the direct wave and the wave reflectedfrom the ground. The maximum radius where measurementswill be significant is determined by a distance where back-ground sounds from other sources dominate over the soundsource of interest. Noise measurements may be conductedFIG. 1 Arrangement of Measurement Locations About a FixedSourceE1780043beyond this range in community areas where noise annoyancehas been shown to exist due to the source.8.2.2 Choose a minimum of four points about the azimuth,for example, north, east, so
