1、Designation: E 1850 04Standard Guide forSelection of Resident Species as Test Organisms forAquatic and Sediment Toxicity Tests1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1850; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide along with Guide E 1192 and guidance fromthe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1,2)2co
3、vers theuse of resident species in toxicity testing, particularly ifsite-specific information is desired. For example, in thosesystems where particular species are considered to be economi-cally or aesthetically important, it might be more appropriate toutilize resident species for testing (3). For
4、this reason, theUSEPA allows development of site-specific chemical stan-dards, using resident species, in order to reflect local conditions(1). This guide is designed to guide the selection of residentspecies for use as test organisms in aquatic and sedimenttoxicity tests. It presupposes that the us
5、er is familiar with thetaxonomy of aquatic and benthic species and has some fieldexperience.1.2 Because toxicological information is often limited formany aquatic species, it is assumed that the majority of testingapplications will be acute tests. Therefore, much of theguidance presented in this gui
6、de pertaining to the speciesselection process is applicable when acute toxicity testing is thedesired goal. However, the principles discussed in this guidepertain to chronic toxicity test applications as well, although itshould be clearly understood that such testing requires substan-tially greater
7、effort, time, and resources than acute testing.1.3 The procedures for selecting resident species in toxicitytesting are necessarily general at this time because informationis often lacking for specific taxa or groups of taxa. This guideattempts to give specific information when appropriate.1.4 This
8、guide is not intended to be inclusive. Referenceslisted provide a starting point from which to approach theliterature. This guide deals solely with aquatic toxicity testsituations. Terrestrial, arboreal, or atmospheric species are notconsidered in this guide.1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:Sec
9、tionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Species Selection Process 6Collection of Information 6.1Obtaining Resident Species for Toxicity Testing 6.2Criteria for Selection 6.3Test Performance Characterization 6.4Interferences 7Safety Precautions 8Documenta
10、tion 9Keywords 10AppendixesPotential Test Species Appendix X1Algae X1.1Aquatic Floating Macrophytes X1.2Protozoa X1.3Rotifera X1.4Attached and Benthic Fauna X1.5Fish X1.6Amphibia X1.7Examples of Resident Species Table X1.1Taxonomic KeysPartial Listing Appendix X2Flow Chart of Factors to Consider For
11、 Selecting AResident SpeciesAppendix X31.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory l
12、imitations prior to use. All safety precau-tions and health-related practices are the responsibility of theuser. Specific safety practices are suggested in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 4229 Test Method for Conducting Static Acute ToxicityTests on Waste-Waters with Daphnia41
13、This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.01 on Aquatic Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1997. Last previous edi
14、tion in 1997 as E 185097.2The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of the text.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
15、 to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 4401 Practice for Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrateswith Petersen Grab SamplerD 4407 Practice for Collecting B
16、enthic Macroinvertebrateswith Orange Peel Grab SamplerD 4556 Guide for Selecting Stream-Net Sampling Devicesfor Collecting Benthic MacroinvertebratesD 4557 Practice for Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrateswith Surber and Related Type SamplersD 4558 Practice for Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates
17、with Drift NetsE 724 Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity TestsStarting with Embryos of Four Species of SaltwaterBivalve MolluscsE 729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests withFishes, Macroinvertebrates, and AmphibiansE 1191 Guide for Conducting Life-Cycle Toxicity Testswith Saltwater Mys
18、idsE 1192 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests onAqueous Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, andAmphibiansE 1193 Guide for Conducting Renewal Life-Cycle ToxicityTests with Daphnia magnaE 1210 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsificat
19、ion Pro-cessE 1218 Guide for Conducting Static 96-h Toxicity Testswith MicroalgaeE 1241 Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage ToxicityTests with FishesE 1367 Guide for Conducting Solid Phase 10-Day StaticSediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Am-phipodsE 1383 Guide for Conducting Sediment
20、 Toxicity Tests withFreshwater Invertebrates and Supporting AnnexesE 1415 Guide for Conducting Static Toxicity Tests withLemna Gibba G-3E 1440 Guide for an Acute Toxicity Test with the RotiferBrachionusE 1463 Guide for Conducting Static and Flow-ThroughAcute Toxicity Tests with Mysids from the West
21、Coast ofthe United StatesE 1498 Guide for Conducting Sexual Reproduction Testswith SeaweedsE 1525 Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sedi-mentsE 1562 Guide for Conducting Acute, Chronic, and Life-Cycle Aquatic Toxicity Tests With Polychateous AnnelidsE 1563 Guide for Conducting Static Acute T
22、oxicity Testswith Echinoid EmbryosE 1611 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests withMarine and Estuarine Polychaetous AnnelidsE 1688 Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation ofSediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Inverte-bratesE 1706 Test Methods Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment
23、-Associated Contaminants with Fresh Water InvertebratesE 1913 Guide for Conducting Static, Axenic, 14-Day Phy-totoxicity Tests in Test Tubes with the Submersed AquaticMacrophyte, Myriophyllum sibiricum KomarovE 1924 Guide for Conducting Toxicity Tests with Biolumi-nescent DinoflagellatesE 2122 Guide
24、 for Conducting In-situ Field Bioassays WithCaged Bivalves3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “can,”and “might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must”is used to express an absolute requirement. “Should” is used tostate that the specified condition is recommen
25、ded and ought tobe met if possible. Although a violation of one “should” israrely a serious matter, violation of several will often render theresults questionable. Terms such as “desirable,” or “might bedesirable” are used in conjunction with less important factors.“May” is used to mean “is (are all
26、owed to),” “can” is used tomean “is (are) able to,” and “might” is used to mean “couldpossibly.” Thus, the classic distinction between “may” and“can” is preserved, and “might” is never used as a synonym foreither “may” or “can.”3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 impaired water
27、body or sitea body of water or sitewhich exhibits decreased structural or functional biologicalintegrity, or both, given the geomorphic habitat available. Thisis typically measured as a decrease in the number of speciespresent or decreased biological productivity compared to sitessimilar in size and
28、 habitat and having few anthropogenicinfluences.3.2.2 indigenous speciesa species that is likely to occur ata specified site for some portion of its life span as a nativespecies.3.2.3 key speciesa species that is of special concern forecological or economic reasons.3.2.4 resident speciesa species th
29、at is present at a speci-fied site for some portion of its life span.3.2.5 surrogate speciesa species that can be studied toproduce results to estimate toxicity responses of other speciesthat are not tested directly (4). Frequently, published standardtesting procedures, established through nationall
30、y recognizedagencies or societies such as ASTM, OECD, EnvironmentCanada, and USEPA, have been developed for these species.4. Summary of Guide4.1 A list of resident species is compiled from publishedliterature on the natural history of the area, bioassessments ofthe receiving body of water, species l
31、ists compiled by indi-viduals or agencies, maps, and taxonomic keys.4.2 The list of species is reduced by first defining theobjectives of the study and the decisions to be made, followedby a stepwise procedure to determine which species to test.This procedure includes consideration of factors such a
32、s easeof handling and testing, availability, sensitivity, and a variety ofother concerns (see Section 6).5. Significance and Use5.1 The USEPAs policy for whole-effluent monitoringstresses, an integrated approach to toxicity testing (1, 5) testsE1850042and other measures of toxicity, should be system
33、aticallyemployed and should be related to certain aquatic-systemfactors, such as the type of habitats available (benthic andwater column), flow regime, and physicochemical quality ofthe site water and sediment. The determination of toxicity isgenerally accomplished with a few surrogate species for f
34、ourmajor reasons: a regulatory agency can compare test resultsbetween sites and over time in order to help prioritize enforce-ment efforts, tests using these species are relatively inexpen-sive since the organisms can be cultured year-round underlaboratory conditions, the reliability of test methods
35、 utilizingsurrogate species is better established than for other species,and surrogate species are better integrated into toxicity identi-fication evaluations than other species. For regulatory pur-poses, under the National Pollution Discharge EliminationSystem (NPDES), USEPA considers it unnecessar
36、y to conductwhole effluent toxicity tests with resident or indigenous species(6). An alternate testing procedure protocol is provided byUSEPA for validating toxicity methods using species notalready approved (6,7). In systems where surrogate species arenot found, erroneous predictions might be obtai
37、ned of environ-mental impact or water and sediment quality impairment basedon toxicity tests using surrogate species (8).5.2 This guide is intended to assist researchers and manag-ers in selecting appropriate resident species for site-specifictoxicity assessments. This guide could be used to select
38、aresident species for use in predicting the potential toxic effectsof a substance in certain types of aquatic environments.Another use might be for selecting a number of indigenousspecies from the aquatic community, that when tested, mightindicate potential toxic effects of the test substance or mat
39、erialon the ecological integrity of that community. Selection of asuitable test species is very important because species mightrespond quite differently to toxic compounds (9). Speciessuggested as test organisms by regulatory agencies might notoccur in the receiving waters of interest and their sens
40、itivity toa toxic substance might not be representative of the sensitivityexhibited by resident species. Since aquatic ecosystem struc-ture and function is often determined by a few key species (10,11, 12, 13), toxicological tests with these resident speciesmight be very important.5.3 This guide can
41、 be used in the selection of representativetest species for certain site-specific assessments, such as theResident-Species Criteria Modification Procedure (1), the Re-calculation Procedure (14), and ecological risk assessmentstudies.5.4 This guide can be used as a general framework forresearchers wh
42、o desire to develop or modify existing toxicitytest methods for previously untested species.5.5 Researchers in countries other than the United Statesand Canada might obtain useful information from this guideregarding potential test species or test methods for sites of localinterest.6. Species Select
43、ion Process6.1 Collection of InformationTo select a resident speciesfor toxicity tests, one must first determine what species arelikely to occur at the location of interest. This can bedetermined by examining historical species data for the sitethat predates contamination, or by examining recent or
44、histori-cal data for nearby reference sites of similar size and habitattype. From these lists, select species that can be handled in thelaboratory and for which test data are known, or species withclose relatives for which data are available to demonstratesensitivity to the contaminant of interest.
45、Methods suggestedinclude the following:6.1.1 BioassessmentsQuantitative sampling of macroin-vertebrates, fish, algae, and macrophytes, see Guides D 4229and D 4407 (13, 14, 15) located outside point and non-pointsources of pollutants can yield information on the types ofcommon species available as po
46、tential test organisms. If a sitecontaining potential pollutants is the object of study, a bio-assessment performed both within and outside of the suspectedimpaired area might reveal species-specific population trendswhich might be correlated to toxicity. Species that exhibitdecreases in abundance o
47、r biomass, or both, within or down-stream of the suspect area might represent sensitive residentspecies that could be utilized in toxicity testing. Factors such astime of sampling, similarity of habitat regimes, and the numberof samples taken might influence the accuracy of this approach(see Guide D
48、 4556, Practice D 4557, and Practice D 4558).Studies of community structure (15) can be conducted todetermine abundance and dominance of species. Such studiescan provide lists of potential test species, as well as suggestsuitable organism and laboratory maintenance procedures.6.1.1.1 Bioassessments
49、can also have significant applicationto the USEPA Recalculation Procedure (1, 14) that allowsdeletion of nonresident species from the National WaterQuality criteria database. Bioassessments can be used todetermine the types of species and taxonomic families capableof naturally existing in the water body of interest (15, 16).Following the procedures outlined later in this guide, suitabletest species can be identified, using bioassessments to replacemissing data in the recalculated database for a given pollutant.Resident species data could then fulfill the minimum USEPAdata requ
