1、Designation: E1850 04 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Guide forSelection of Resident Species as Test Organisms forAquatic and Sediment Toxicity Tests1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1850; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide along with Guide E1192 and guidance fromthe U.S. Environmental Protection A
3、gency (1,2)2covers theuse of resident species in toxicity testing, particularly ifsite-specific information is desired. For example, in thosesystems where particular species are considered to be economi-cally or aesthetically important, it might be more appropriate toutilize resident species for tes
4、ting (3). For this reason, theUSEPA allows development of site-specific chemicalstandards, using resident species, in order to reflect localconditions (1). This guide is designed to guide the selection ofresident species for use as test organisms in aquatic andsediment toxicity tests. It presupposes
5、 that the user is familiarwith the taxonomy of aquatic and benthic species and has somefield experience.1.2 Because toxicological information is often limited formany aquatic species, it is assumed that the majority of testingapplications will be acute tests. Therefore, much of theguidance presented
6、 in this guide pertaining to the speciesselection process is applicable when acute toxicity testing is thedesired goal. However, the principles discussed in this guidepertain to chronic toxicity test applications as well, although itshould be clearly understood that such testing requires substan-tia
7、lly greater effort, time, and resources than acute testing.1.3 The procedures for selecting resident species in toxicitytesting are necessarily general at this time because informationis often lacking for specific taxa or groups of taxa. This guideattempts to give specific information when appropria
8、te.1.4 This guide is not intended to be inclusive. Referenceslisted provide a starting point from which to approach theliterature. This guide deals solely with aquatic toxicity testsituations. Terrestrial, arboreal, or atmospheric species are notconsidered in this guide.1.5 This guide is arranged as
9、 follows:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Species Selection Process 6Collection of Information 6.1Obtaining Resident Species for Toxicity Testing 6.2Criteria for Selection 6.3Test Performance Characterization 6.4Interferences 7Safety Precaution
10、s 8Documentation 9Keywords 10AppendixesPotential Test Species Appendix X1Algae X1.1Aquatic Floating Macrophytes X1.2Protozoa X1.3Rotifera X1.4Attached and Benthic Fauna X1.5Fish X1.6Amphibia X1.7Examples of Resident Species Table X1.1Taxonomic KeysPartial Listing Appendix X2Flow Chart of Factors to
11、Consider For Selecting AResident SpeciesAppendix X31.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
12、regulatory limitations prior to use. All safety precau-tions and health-related practices are the responsibility of theuser. Specific safety practices are suggested in Section 8.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct
13、responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.01 on Aquatic Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E185004. DOI:10.1520/E1850-04R12.2The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list o
14、f references at theend of the text.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D4229 Practice for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Testson Waste-Waters with Daphnia (Withdrawn 1988)4D4401
15、 Practice for Collecting Benthic MacroinvertebratesWith Petersen Grab Sampler (Withdrawn 2003)4D4407 Practice for Collecting Benthic MacroinvertebratesWith Orange Peel Grab Sampler (Withdrawn 2003)4D4556 Guide for Selecting Stream-Net Sampling Devicesfor Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates (Withdr
16、awn2003)4D4557 Practice for Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrateswith Surber and Related Type Samplers (Withdrawn2003)4D4558 Practice for Collecting Benthic MacroinvertebratesWith Drift Nets (Withdrawn 2003)4E724 Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity TestsStarting with Embryos of Four Species o
17、f SaltwaterBivalve MolluscsE729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on TestMaterials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphib-iansE1191 Guide for Conducting Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests withSaltwater MysidsE1192 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aque-ous Ambient Samples and Effluent
18、s with Fishes,Macroinvertebrates, and AmphibiansE1193 Guide for Conducting Daphnia magna Life-CycleToxicity TestsE1210 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant TestingUsing the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification ProcessE1218 Guide for Conducting Static Toxicity Tests withMicroalgaeE1241 Guide for Cond
19、ucting Early Life-Stage Toxicity Testswith FishesE1367 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine In-vertebratesE1383 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests withFreshwater Invertebrates (Withdrawn 1995)4E1415 Guide for Conducting Static
20、 Toxicity Tests WithLemna gibba G3E1440 Guide for Acute Toxicity Test with the Rotifer Bra-chionusE1463 Guide for Conducting Static and Flow-ThroughAcute Toxicity Tests With Mysids From the West Coast ofthe United StatesE1498 Guide for Conducting Sexual Reproduction Testswith SeaweedsE1525 Guide for
21、 Designing Biological Tests with SedimentsE1562 Guide for Conducting Acute, Chronic, and Life-Cycle Aquatic Toxicity Tests with Polychaetous AnnelidsE1563 Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Testswith Echinoid EmbryosE1611 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests withPolychaetous Annelids
22、E1688 Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation ofSediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Inverte-bratesE1706 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater InvertebratesE1913 Guide for Conducting Static, Axenic, 14-Day Phyto-toxicity Tests in Tes
23、t Tubes with the Submersed AquaticMacrophyte, Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov (With-drawn 2012)4E1924 Guide for Conducting Toxicity Tests with Biolumi-nescent DinoflagellatesE2122 Guide for Conducting In-situ Field Bioassays WithCaged Bivalves3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:The words “must,” “should,”
24、“may,” “can,”and “might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must”is used to express an absolute requirement. “Should” is used tostate that the specified condition is recommended and ought tobe met if possible. Although a violation of one “should” israrely a serious matter, violation of seve
25、ral will often render theresults questionable. Terms such as “desirable,” or “might bedesirable” are used in conjunction with less important factors.“May” is used to mean “is (are allowed to),” “can” is used tomean “is (are) able to,” and “might” is used to mean “couldpossibly.” Thus, the classic di
26、stinction between “may” and“can” is preserved, and “might” is never used as a synonym foreither “may” or “can.”3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 impaired water body or sitea body of water or sitewhich exhibits decreased structural or functional biologicalintegrity, or both, gi
27、ven the geomorphic habitat available. Thisis typically measured as a decrease in the number of speciespresent or decreased biological productivity compared to sitessimilar in size and habitat and having few anthropogenicinfluences.3.2.2 indigenous speciesa species that is likely to occur ata specifi
28、ed site for some portion of its life span as a nativespecies.3.2.3 key speciesa species that is of special concern forecological or economic reasons.3.2.4 resident speciesa species that is present at a speci-fied site for some portion of its life span.3.2.5 surrogate speciesa species that can be stu
29、died toproduce results to estimate toxicity responses of other speciesthat are not tested directly (4). Frequently, published standardtesting procedures, established through nationally recognizedagencies or societies such as ASTM, OECD, EnvironmentCanada, and USEPA, have been developed for these spe
30、cies.4. Summary of Guide4.1 A list of resident species is compiled from publishedliterature on the natural history of the area, bioassessments of3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
31、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.E1850 04 (2012)2the receiving body of water, species lists compiled by indi-viduals or agencies, maps, and taxonomic keys.4.2 The li
32、st of species is reduced by first defining theobjectives of the study and the decisions to be made, followedby a stepwise procedure to determine which species to test.This procedure includes consideration of factors such as easeof handling and testing, availability, sensitivity, and a variety ofothe
33、r concerns (see Section 6).5. Significance and Use5.1 The USEPAs policy for whole-effluent monitoringstresses, an integrated approach to toxicity testing (1, 5) testsand other measures of toxicity, should be systematicallyemployed and should be related to certain aquatic-systemfactors, such as the t
34、ype of habitats available (benthic andwater column), flow regime, and physicochemical quality ofthe site water and sediment. The determination of toxicity isgenerally accomplished with a few surrogate species for fourmajor reasons: a regulatory agency can compare test resultsbetween sites and over t
35、ime in order to help prioritize enforce-ment efforts, tests using these species are relatively inexpen-sive since the organisms can be cultured year-round underlaboratory conditions, the reliability of test methods utilizingsurrogate species is better established than for other species,and surrogate
36、 species are better integrated into toxicity identi-fication evaluations than other species. For regulatorypurposes, under the National Pollution Discharge EliminationSystem (NPDES), USEPA considers it unnecessary to conductwhole effluent toxicity tests with resident or indigenous species(6). An alt
37、ernate testing procedure protocol is provided byUSEPA for validating toxicity methods using species notalready approved (6,7). In systems where surrogate species arenot found, erroneous predictions might be obtained of environ-mental impact or water and sediment quality impairment basedon toxicity t
38、ests using surrogate species (8).5.2 This guide is intended to assist researchers and manag-ers in selecting appropriate resident species for site-specifictoxicity assessments. This guide could be used to select aresident species for use in predicting the potential toxic effectsof a substance in cer
39、tain types of aquatic environments.Another use might be for selecting a number of indigenousspecies from the aquatic community, that when tested, mightindicate potential toxic effects of the test substance or materialon the ecological integrity of that community. Selection of asuitable test species
40、is very important because species mightrespond quite differently to toxic compounds (9). Speciessuggested as test organisms by regulatory agencies might notoccur in the receiving waters of interest and their sensitivity toa toxic substance might not be representative of the sensitivityexhibited by r
41、esident species. Since aquatic ecosystem struc-ture and function is often determined by a few key species (10,11, 12, 13), toxicological tests with these resident speciesmight be very important.5.3 This guide can be used in the selection of representativetest species for certain site-specific assess
42、ments, such as theResident-Species Criteria Modification Procedure (1), the Re-calculation Procedure (14), and ecological risk assessmentstudies.5.4 This guide can be used as a general framework forresearchers who desire to develop or modify existing toxicitytest methods for previously untested spec
43、ies.5.5 Researchers in countries other than the United Statesand Canada might obtain useful information from this guideregarding potential test species or test methods for sites of localinterest.6. Species Selection Process6.1 Collection of InformationTo select a resident speciesfor toxicity tests,
44、one must first determine what species arelikely to occur at the location of interest. This can bedetermined by examining historical species data for the sitethat predates contamination, or by examining recent or histori-cal data for nearby reference sites of similar size and habitattype. From these
45、lists, select species that can be handled in thelaboratory and for which test data are known, or species withclose relatives for which data are available to demonstratesensitivity to the contaminant of interest. Methods suggestedinclude the following:6.1.1 BioassessmentsQuantitative sampling ofmacro
46、invertebrates, fish, algae, and macrophytes, see GuidesD4229 and D4407 (13, 14, 15) located outside point andnon-point sources of pollutants can yield information on thetypes of common species available as potential test organisms.If a site containing potential pollutants is the object of study, abi
47、oassessment performed both within and outside of thesuspected impaired area might reveal species-specific popula-tion trends which might be correlated to toxicity. Species thatexhibit decreases in abundance or biomass, or both, within ordownstream of the suspect area might represent sensitiveresiden
48、t species that could be utilized in toxicity testing.Factors such as time of sampling, similarity of habitat regimes,and the number of samples taken might influence the accuracyof this approach (see Guide D4556, Practice D4557, andPractice D4558). Studies of community structure (15) can beconducted
49、to determine abundance and dominance of species.Such studies can provide lists of potential test species, as wellas suggest suitable organism and laboratory maintenanceprocedures.6.1.1.1 Bioassessments can also have significant applicationto the USEPA Recalculation Procedure (1, 14) that allowsdeletion of nonresident species from the National WaterQuality criteria database. Bioassessments can be used todetermine the types of species and taxonomic families capableof naturally existing in the water body of interest (15, 16).Following the procedures outlined later in this guide
