1、Designation: E 1854 07Standard Practice forEnsuring Test Consistency in Neutron-InducedDisplacement Damage of Electronic Parts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1854; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth requirements to ensure consis-tency in neutron-induced displacement damage t
3、esting ofsilicon and gallium arsenide electronic piece parts. This re-quires controls on facility, dosimetry, tester, and communica-tions processes that affect the accuracy and reproducibility ofthese tests. It provides background information on the technicalbasis for the requirements and additional
4、 recommendations onneutron testing. In addition to neutrons, reactors are used toprovide gamma-ray pulses of intensities and durations that arenot achievable elsewhere. This practice also provides back-ground information and recommendations on gamma-ray test-ing of electronics using nuclear reactors
5、.1.2 Methods are presented for ensuring and validatingconsistency in neutron displacement damage testing of elec-tronic parts such as integrated circuits, transistors, and diodes.The issues identified and the controls set forth in this practiceaddress the characterization and suitability of the radi
6、ationenvironments. They generally apply to reactor and 14-MeVneutron sources when used for displacement damage testing,and apply to252Cf testing when this source is used for thisapplication. Facility and environment characteristics that intro-duce complications or problems are identified, and recomm
7、en-dations are offered as to how problems can be recognized andminimized or solved. This practice may be used by facilityusers, test personnel, facility operators, and independent pro-cess validators to determine the suitability of a specificenvironment within a facility and of the testing process a
8、s awhole, with the exception of the electrical measurements,which are addressed in other standards.Additional informationon conducting irradiations can be found in Practices E 798 andF 1190. This practice also may be of use to test sponsors (thatis, organizations that establish test specifications o
9、r otherwisehave a vested interest in the performance of electronics inneutron environments).1.3 Methods for evaluation and control of undesired con-tributors to damage are discussed in this practice, and refer-ences to relevant ASTM standards and technical reports areprovided. Processes and methods
10、used to arrive at the appro-priate test environments and specification levels for electronicssystems are beyond the scope of this practice; however, theprocess for determining the 1-MeV equivalent displacementspecifications from operational environment neutron spectrashould employ the methods and pa
11、rameters described herein.Some important considerations are addressed in Appendix X1through X1.3.1 (Nonmandatory information)1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish app
12、ro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The ASTM standards listed below present methods forensuring proper determination of neutron spectra and fluences,gamma-ray doses, and damage in silicon and gallium
13、 arsenidedevices. The proper use of these standards is the responsibilityof the radiation metrology or dosimetry organization that isoften closely affiliated with facility operations. The referenceslisted in each standard are also relevant to all participants asbackground material for testing consis
14、tency.2.2 ASTM Standards:2E 170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurementsand DosimetryE 181 Test Methods for Detector Calibration and Analysisof RadionuclidesE 261 Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, FluenceRate, and Spectra by Radioactivation TechniquesE 262 Test Method for Determining T
15、hermal Neutron Re-action and Fluence Rates by Radioactivation TechniquesE 263 Test Method for Measuring Fast-Neutron ReactionRates by Radioactivation of IronE 264 Test Method for Measuring Fast-Neutron ReactionRates by Radioactivation of NickelE 265 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates and1This
16、practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on NuclearTechnology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE10.07 on Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approvedi
17、n 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 1854 - 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website
18、.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Fast-Neutron Fluences by Radioactivation of Sulfur-32E 393 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates byAnaly-sis of Barium-140 From Fission DosimetersE 481 Test Method for Measuring Neu
19、tron Fluence Ratesby Radioactivation of Cobalt and SilverE 482 Guide for Application of Neutron Transport Methodsfor Reactor Vessel Surveillance, E706 (IID)E 523 Test Method for Measuring Fast-Neutron ReactionRates by Radioactivation of CopperE 526 Test Method for Measuring Fast-Neutron ReactionRate
20、s by Radioactivation of TitaniumE 665 Practice for Determining Absorbed Dose VersusDepth in Material Exposed to the X-Ray Output of FlashX-Ray Machines3E 666 Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose FromGamma or X RadiationE 668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry (TLD) Systems fo
21、r DeterminingAbsorbed Dosein Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic DevicesE 704 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates by Ra-dioactivation of Uranium-238E 705 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates by Ra-dioactivation of Neptunium-237E 720 Guide for Selection and Use of Neutron Sensors forDet
22、ermining Neutron Spectra Employed in Radiation-Hardness Testing of ElectronicsE 721 Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra fromNeutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Elec-tronicsE 722 Practice for Characterizing Neutron Energy FluenceSpectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic N
23、eutronFluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of ElectronicsE 798 Practice for Conducting Irradiations at Accelerator-Based Neutron SourcesE 844 Guide for Sensor Set Design and Irradiation forReactor Surveillance, E 706(IIC)E 944 Guide for Application of Neutron Spectrum Adjust-ment Methods in Reacto
24、r Surveillance, E 706 (IIA)E 1018 Guide for Application of ASTM Evaluated CrossSection Data File, Matrix E 706 (IIB)E 1249 Practice for Minimizing Dosimetry Errors in Radia-tion Hardness Testing of Silicon Electronic Devices UsingCo-60 SourcesE 1250 Test Method for Application of Ionization Cham-ber
25、s to Assess the Low Energy Gamma Component ofCobalt-60 Irradiators Used in Radiation-Hardness Testingof Silicon Electronic DevicesE 1297 Test Method for Measuring Fast-Neutron ReactionRates by Radioactivation of NiobiumE 1855 Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon BipolarTransistors as Neutron Spect
26、rum Sensors and Displace-ment Damage MonitorsE 2005 Guide for Benchmark Testing of Reactor Dosimetryin Standard and Reference Neutron FieldsF 1190 Guide for Neutron Irradiation of Unbiased Elec-tronic Components3. The Roles of the Participants3.1 The following terms are used to identify key roles an
27、dresponsibilities in the process of reactor testing of electronics.Some participants may perform more than one role, and therelationship among the participants may differ from testprogram to test program and from facility to facility.3.2 SponsorIndividual or organization requiring the testresults an
28、d ultimately responsible for the test specifications anduse of the results (for example, a system developer or procur-ing activity). Test sponsors should consider the objectives ofthe test and the issues raised in this practice. They shall clearlycommunicate to the user the test requirements, includ
29、ingspecific test methods.3.3 UserGenerally the individual or team that contractsfor the use of the facility, specifies the characteristics needed toaccomplish the test objectives, and makes sure that the docu-mentation of the test parameters is complete. If the test sponsordoes not communicate clear
30、 requirements and sufficient infor-mation to fully interpret them, the user shall communicate tothe sponsor, prior to the test, the assumptions made and anylimitations of applicability of test data because of theseassumptions. This may require consultation with a test special-ist internal or externa
31、l to the user organization. Facility usersalso should consider the objectives of their tests and the issuesraised in this practice. The user may also conduct the tests. Theuser shall communicate the environmental, procedural (includ-ing specific test methods, if any) and reporting requirements tothe
32、 other participants including the tester, the facility operators,and the test specialist.3.4 Facility OrganizationThe group responsible for pro-viding the radiation environment. The facility organizationshall provide pre-test communication to the user on facilitycapabilities, cautions, and limitatio
33、ns, as well as dosimetrycapabilities, characteristics of the test environment, and testconsistency issues unique to the facility and/or test stationwithin the facility. If there is no independent validator, thefacility shall also be required to provide the user with docu-mentation on the controls, c
34、alibrations, and validation tests,which verify its suitability for the proposed tests. Post-test, thefacility shall report dosimetry results, relevant operationalparameters, and any occurrences that might affect the testresults. The radiation facility and test station used in the testshall meet the
35、minimum quality assurance criteria specified inSection 5.3.5 Dosimetry GroupIndividual or team providing defini-tive data on dose, dose rate, neutron fluence, and spectra.3.6 Test SpecialistIndividual providing radiation test ex-pertise. This individual may identify the appropriate damagefunction(s)
36、 and may fold them with neutron spectra todetermine/predict damage and damage ratios. This individualmay also provide information on experiment limitations, cus-tom configurations that are advantageous, and interpretation ofdosimetry results.3.7 ValidatorIndependent person that may be responsiblefor
37、 verifying either the suitability of the radiation environment,the quality of the radiation test including the electrical mea-surements, or the radiation hardness of the electronic partproduction line.3Withdrawn.E18540723.8 At the beginning of many of the paragraphs that discusstasks to be carried o
38、ut, a label is added in parentheses todesignate the participant who usually has the primary respon-sibility for this task.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice was written primarily to guide test partici-pants in establishing, identifying, maintaining, and using suit-able environments for conduct
39、ing high quality neutron tests. Itsdevelopment was motivated, in large measure, because inad-equate controls in the neutron-effects-test process have in somepast instances resulted in exposures that have differed byfactors of three or more from irradiation specifications. Aradiation test environment
40、 generally differs from the environ-ment in which the electronics must operate; therefore, a highquality test requires not only the use of a suitable radiationenvironment, but also control and compensation for contribu-tions to damage that differ from those in the operationalenvironment. In general,
41、 the responsibility for identifyingsuitable test environments to accomplish test objectives lieswith the sponsor/user/tester and test specialist part of the team,with the assistance of an independent validator, if available.The responsibility for the establishment and maintenance ofsuitable environm
42、ents lies with the facility operator/dosimetristand test specialist, again with the possible assistance of anindependent validator. Additional guidance on the selection ofan irradiation facility is provided in Practice F 1190.4.2 This practice identifies the tasks that must be accom-plished to ensur
43、e a successful high quality test. It is the overallresponsibility of the sponsor or user to ensure that all of therequired tasks are complete and conditions are met. Otherparticipants provide appropriate documentation to enable thesponsor or user to make that determination.4.3 The principal determin
44、ants of a properly conducted testare: (1) the radiation test environment shall be well character-ized, controlled, and correlated with the specified irradiationlevels; (2) damage produced in the electronic materials anddevices is caused by the desired, specified component of theenvironment and can b
45、e reproduced at any other suitablefacility; and (3) the damage corresponding to the specificationlevel derived from radiation environments in which the elec-tronics must operate can be predicted from the damage in thetest environment. In order to ensure that these requirements aremet, system develop
46、ers, procurers, users, facility operators,and test personnel must collectively meet all of the essentialrequirements and effectively communicate to each other thetasks that must be accomplished and the conditions that mustbe met. Criteria for determining and maintaining the suitabilityof neutron rad
47、iation environments for 1-MeV equivalent dis-placement damage testing of electronics parts are presented inSection 5. Mandatory requirements for test consistency inneutron displacement damage testing of electronic parts arepresented in Section 5. Additional background material onneutron testing and
48、important considerations for use of areactor facility for gamma dose and dose rate testing arepresented inAppendix X2 andAppendix X3, but compliance isnot required.4.4 Some neutron tests are performed with an end applica-tion of the electronics in mind. Others are performed merely toensure that a 1-
49、MeV-equivalent-displacement-damage-specification level is met. The issues and controls presented inthis practice are necessary and sufficient to ensure consistencyin the latter case. They are necessary but may not be sufficientwhen the objective is to determine device performance in anoperational environment. In either case, a corollary consistencyrequirement is that test results obtained at a suitable facility canbe replicated within suitable precision at any other suitablefacility. If a facility user is not aware of the detailed charac-teristics of the operational radiation envi
