1、Designation: E 1857 97 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide forSelection of Cleaning Techniques for Masonry, Concrete,and Stucco Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures for the selection andassessment of cleaning techniques for removin
3、g soiling andstaining from masonry, concrete, and stucco surfaces. Removalof paints, coatings, and graffiti may require measures beyondthe scope of this guide. New construction is excluded from thescope of this guide.1.2 This guide does not purport to address the causes ofsoiling or staining or to p
4、ropose remedies for recurring soilingor staining.1.3 Where work on surfaces of artistic, architectural, cul-tural, or historic significance is being considered, guidancefrom specialists should be sought.1.4 This guide does not purport to address removal andreplacement of prior repairs, repair of dam
5、aged surfaces, orother irregularities that contribute to the uneven or discoloredappearance of masonry, concrete, and stucco surfaces.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to esta
6、blish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C43 Terminology of Structural Clay ProductsC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneD 4262 Test Method for pH of Chemically Cleaned orE
7、tched Concrete SurfacesE 631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,see Terminology C 43, C 119, or E 631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coatingclear or pigmented surface treatment appliedfor aesthetic i
8、mprovement, enhanced durability, or other pur-pose.3.2.2 contaminanta foreign substance not intentionallyintroduced to a surface.3.2.3 muriatic acidcommercial grades of hydrochloricacid that often contain iron impurities.3.2.4 nebulized water spraycleaning with a mist of waterfrom fine nozzles.3.2.5
9、 poulticecleaning systems composed of one or moreliquids mixed with powder to form a paste.3.2.6 soilinga deposit of finely divided particulate matteror other contaminants adhered to the surface.3.2.7 soiling crustaccumulation of soiling into a hardenedlayer at the surface. Partial or complete detac
10、hment of the crustmay damage the substrate.3.2.8 staininga contaminant that has penetrated the sur-face.3.2.9 surfacethe exposed face of masonry, concrete, orstucco.4. Significance and Use4.1 Cleaning of masonry, concrete, and stucco surfaces isundertaken for a variety of reasons including aesthetic
11、 im-provement, removal of contaminants, maintenance, and surfacepreparation. This guide provides for selecting, testing, andevaluating cleaning techniques for removal of soiling andstaining.4.2 Cleaning systems may adversely affect both buildingmaterials being cleaned as well as other materials, mec
12、hanical,electrical, and other building systems, and building exterior,interior, and site features.4.3 In some situations, it may be prudent to spot clean or tonot clean.4.4 It should be noted that, in some cases, cleaning may beinconsistent with the goals of historic preservation.1This guide is unde
13、r the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.24 on BuildingPreservation and Rehabilitation Technology.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved
14、 in 1997 as E 1857 97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
15、 Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Identification and Characterization of SubstrateNOTE 1The substrate should be identified and characterized before acleaning method is selected. Building records and any other relevanthistoric sources should be reviewed fo
16、r information about the substrateand any previous treatments that might affect the proposed cleaningprocess.5.1 Substrate samples should be analyzed to describe thefollowing characteristics:5.1.1 Mineralogical composition of major constituents,5.1.2 Microtexture,5.1.3 Water solubility,5.1.4 Acid sol
17、ubility,5.1.5 Water absorption, and5.1.6 Soluble salt content.NOTE 2ASTM describes specific test methods for each masonry type.Judgment should be used to select the current test method appropriate tothe proposed cleaning project. Tests may be modified to accommodate thenumber and size of available s
18、amples.6. Identification of Soiling and Staining6.1 Identification of the composition of soiling or stainingpresent on surfaces to be cleaned will assist in determiningappropriate cleaning techniques for testing. This may beaccomplished through laboratory testing. Cleaning techniquesshould always be
19、 further evaluated in test areas.7. Selection Criteria7.1 Performance goals for cleaning masonry, concrete, orstucco surfaces should be established prior to selection of thecleaning technique.7.2 Selection of cleaning techniques shall be based on thefollowing factors:7.2.1 The level of cleanness des
20、ired,7.2.2 The effectiveness of the cleaning system,7.2.3 Adverse effects to the surfaces, substrates and relatedcomponents, and adjacent surfaces,7.2.4 Environmental concerns, such as human exposure andthe collection, neutralization, and disposal of cleaning residueand run-off, and7.2.5 Other pract
21、ical considerations such as time and costfactors.8. Cleaning TechniquesNOTE 3The following cleaning techniques are not necessarily listedin order of aggressiveness. It is the responsibility of the user of this guideto determine the advantages and disadvantages of the various cleaningprocedures as th
22、ey relate to the surfaces being cleaned. Wheneverpossible, contact the masonry, concrete, or stucco manufacturers andsuppliers, the cleaning product manufacturers, and the cleaning equipmentmanufacturers to determine compatibility. Specialists may also be con-sulted.8.1 Water Cleaning, relies on the
23、 ability of water to dis-solve, swell, and loosen soiling and staining, enabling theirremoval from the surface. Mechanical scrubbing may enhanceremoval when staining is deeply deposited.8.1.1 The effectiveness of water cleaning is influenced bythe following factors:8.1.1.1 Pressure Rating, refers to
24、 the gauge pressure mea-sured at the nozzle of the cleaning equipment. Equipmentcapable of generating a pressure of 100 to 3000 psi (0.7 to 20MPa) is commonly used. Surfaces and substrates can bedamaged by abrasion. Testing should determine the minimumeffective pressure. The location of the pump wit
25、h respect to thenozzle can affect the pressure rating.8.1.1.2 Water Flow RateWater supplied by the pump tothe rinsing apparatus measured in gallons per minute (gpm) orlitres per minute (L/min). Pumps delivering 1.5 gpm (3.8L/min) may be used effectively in cleaning operations thatrequire containment
26、 or control of effluent. More efficientcleaning is generally achieved with equipment providing a flowrate of 4 to 8 gpm (15 to 30 L/min).8.1.1.3 Spray Tip, determines the size and configuration ofthe water spray delivered to the substrate. Fan-type spray tipsproducing 15 to 40 fan spray patterns hav
27、e proven mosteffective for cleaning masonry, concrete, and stucco surfaces.Laser tips, 0 tips, or fan spray tips with less than 15 spraypatterns produce a concentrated stream of water that maydamage surfaces. Rotating spray heads that produce a scouringaction may also damage surfaces. Care must be t
28、aken to keepthe spray tip as far from the surface as possible to provideeffective cleaning. Water from a spray tip held 3 ft (0.9 m) fromthe substrate may have no adverse effect on the surface but mayremove the surface of the substrate when held 6 in. (150 mm)from the wall.8.1.2 Water Cleaning Metho
29、ds:8.1.2.1 Nebulized Water SprayEffective for removal ofsoiling or other deposits from surfaces that could not withstandhigh pressure water or abrasive cleaning techniques.8.1.2.2 Pressure Water SprayEffective for removal ofloosely adhered soiling.8.1.3 LimitationsProblems associated with water clea
30、ninginclude intrusion of water into interior spaces, brown stainingwhen iron-containing minerals are present, and the encourage-ment of biological growth. When water pressures are exces-sive, the surface can be abraded. Metal tools should not be usedas scrubbing implements.8.2 Chemical Cleaning, rel
31、ies on chemical reaction todissolve, capture, or mobilize soiling or staining. Chemicalcleaning utilizies detergents, organic solvents, acids, and alka-lis. Cleaning compounds, which are often proprietary products,are available as water-thin liquids and as thickened gels.Poultices can be used for re
32、moval of stains. Use of a chemicalin conjunction with water washing reduces both the chemicalconcentrations and the water volume required. In most cases,chemical cleaning should be preceded and followed by thor-ough water rinsing. Poultices enhance removal when stainingis deeply deposited.NOTE 4Appl
33、ication frequently involves use of proprietary chemicalcleaning compounds. Products should be used in accordance with themanufacturers recommendations for suitability, protection, dilution, ap-plication, surface contact times, and rinsing procedures.8.2.1 Chemical Types:8.2.1.1 DetergentsSuitable fo
34、r removal of dust, dirt, watersoluble surface contaminants, oil, grease, and other emulsifi-able staining materials. Water-detergent solutions can beacidic, alkaline, or pH neutral. Neutral pH detergents aresometimes referred to as nonionic.E 1857 97 (2004)28.2.1.2 Organic SolventsSuitable for remov
35、al of caulkingcompound residues, oils, grease, bituminous materials, andother stains that are not soluble in water.NOTE 5Organic solvents are frequently flammable and combustible.They must be used in accordance with all applicable safety and environ-mental regulations concerning flammable, toxic, an
36、d combustible materi-als.8.2.1.3 AcidsSuitable for removal of dust, dirt, watersoluble surface contaminants, oil, grease, soot, fly ash, hydro-carbon residues, biological growth, and stains due to pollutedenvironments. When using acidic cleaners, care must be takento ensure complete removal or neutr
37、alization of acidic residuesafter the cleaning process. This is done by measuring thesurface pH in accordance with Test Method D 4262. Whenevaluating surface pH, the pH of the substrate prior to cleaningand that of the rinse water must be considered. Alkalineneutralizing rinses are sometimes used in
38、 conjunction withacidic cleaners. The resulting salts should be removed byrinsing with water. In addition to surface pH, the ion content ofthe rinse water can be monitored.8.2.1.4 AlkalisSuitable for removal of dust, dirt, watersoluble surface contaminants, oil, grease, soot, fly ash, hydro-carbon r
39、esidues, grease, biological growth, and stains due topolluted environments. When using alkaline chemicals, caremust be taken to ensure complete removal or neutralization ofalkaline residues after the cleaning process. This is done bymeasuring surface pH in accordance with Test Method D 4262.When eva
40、luating surface pH, the pH of the substrate prior tocleaning and of the rinse water must be considered. Acidicneutralizing rinses are sometimes used in conjunction withalkaline cleaners. The resulting salts should be removed byrinsing with water. In addition to surface pH, the ion content ofthe rins
41、e water can be monitored.8.2.2 Limitations:8.2.2.1 All limitations associated with the use of watercleaning should be considered for chemical cleaning.8.2.2.2 When pressure rinsing equipment is used in con-junction with chemical cleaning compounds, attention must begiven to selecting appropriate equ
42、ipment. Care must be takento use sufficient water to remove all chemical residues anddissolved soiling and staining from the surfaces.8.2.2.3 Acidic cleaners applied to polished surfaces mayreduce or remove the polish.8.2.2.4 Fluoride-based cleaners may etch or otherwise dam-age glass, ceramic, alum
43、inum, and other metallic materials.8.2.2.5 Chemical reaction with adjacent surfaces may resultfrom direct contact of the acidic cleaning solution or by vaporsfrom the cleaning solution.8.2.2.6 Acids containing chlorides may contribute to corro-sion of ferrous materials that are within or adjacent to
44、 thesubstrate. Alkalis may damage aluminum and other metallicmaterials.8.2.2.7 In most instances, a chemical cleaner should not beapplied with pressurized equipment. Such an application mayforce chemicals deep within the surface of the masonry that aredifficult to remove and may adversely affect the
45、 surface. Suchan application may result in an unintended dispersion ofchemicals.8.2.2.8 Metal tools should not be used as scrubbing imple-ments.8.3 Abrasive Cleaning, relies on the mechanical applicationof a material to remove soiling or stains from a substrate.8.3.1 Types of Abrasive Cleaning:8.3.1
46、.1 Mechanical Scrubbing, is effective for removal ofsurface dust and debris deposited on or loosely adhered tosurfaces.8.3.1.2 Wet Abrasion, is effective for removal of a variety oftypes of soiling. Wet abrasion combines the dirt softening andrinsing properties of water with the ability of abrasive
47、materialsto erode soiling from the surface. Wet abrasion reducesairborne matter, allows greater control of abrasive materialsduring the cleaning process, and may reduce the time requiredto achieve the desired level of cleaning.8.3.1.3 Dry Abrasion, is effective for removal of a variety oftypes of so
48、iling. Abrasive grit is applied with air pressure toerode soiling matter from treated surfaces. Select the leastdamaging abrasive materials and lowest air pressure sufficientfor cleaning.8.3.1.4 Sanding/grinding, is effective for removal of avariety of surface soiling.8.3.2 LimitationsIf the surface
49、 is to be retained, abrasivecleaning may not be appropriate. Care must be taken to avoiddamage by airborne dust depositing on or entering into treatedand adjacent properties or mechanical systems and to avoidexcessive erosion of surfaces. Abrasive cleaning should neverbe performed on masonry units with sand or slurry finishes.With both wet and dry abrasion, hard or sharp edged abrasivescan irreparably damage soft substrates. All cautions associatedwith water washing and pressure washing equipment should beconsidered. With sanding and grinding, care must be
