1、Designation: E 1886 05Standard Test Method forPerformance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, andImpact Protective Systems Impacted by Missile(s) andExposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1886; the number immediately following the design
2、ation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the
3、 performance of exteriorwindows, curtain walls, doors, and impact protective systemsimpacted by missile(s) and subsequently subjected to cyclicstatic pressure differentials. A missile propulsion device, an airpressure system, and a test chamber are used to model someconditions which may be represent
4、ative of windborne debrisand pressures in a windstorm environment. This test method isapplicable to the design of entire fenestration or impactprotection systems assemblies and their installation. The per-formance determined by this test method relates to the abilityof elements of the building envel
5、ope to remain unbreachedduring a windstorm.1.2 The specifying authority shall define the representativeconditions (see 10.1).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. Values given in parentheses are for information only.Certain values contained in reference documents cited
6、 hereinmay be stated in inch-pound units and must be converted by theuser.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine
7、 the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 330 Test Method for Structural Performance of ExteriorWindows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform Static AirPressure DifferenceE 631 Terminology
8、of Building ConstructionsE 997 Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass inExterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under theInfluence of Uniform Static Loads by Destructive MethodsE 1233 Test Method for Structural Performance of ExteriorWindows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Cyclic Static Air
9、Pressure Differential2.2 ANSI/ASCE Standard:ANSI/ASCE 7, American Society of Civil Engineers Mini-mum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures32.3 American Lumber Standard:Document PS20-94American Softwood Lumber Stan-dard43. Terminology3.1 Definitions: General terms used in this test method
10、aredefined in Terminology E 631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 2 3 4 in. lumbera dressed piece of surface dry,softwood lumber as defined in Document PS20-94.3.2.2 air pressure cyclebeginning at a specified air pres-sure differential, the application of positive (negative) p
11、ressureto achieve another specified air pressure differential andreturning to the initial specified air pressure differential.3.2.3 air pressure differentialthe specified differential instatic air pressure across the specimen, creating an inward(outward) load, expressed in Pa (lb/ft2). The maximum a
12、irpressure differential (P) is specified or is equal to the designpressure.3.2.4 basic wind speedthe wind speed as determined bythe specifying authority.3.2.5 design pressurethe uniform static air pressure dif-ference, inward or outward, for which the test specimen would1This test method is under th
13、e jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originallypublished in 1997. Last previous edition appr
14、oved in 2004 as E 1886 04a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the American Socie
15、ty of Civil Engineers, 1801 Alexander BellDrive, Reston, VA 20191.4Available from the American Lumber Standard Committee, Inc., P.O. Box 210,Germantown, MD 20875.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.be designed under servi
16、ce load conditions using conventionalstructural engineering specifications and concepts. This pres-sure is determined by either analytical or wind tunnel proce-dures (such as are specified in ANSI/ASCE 7).3.2.6 fenestration assemblythe construction intended tobe installed to fill a wall or roof open
17、ing.3.2.7 missilethe object which is propelled toward a testspecimen.3.2.8 positive (negative) cyclic test loadthe specifieddifference in static air pressure, creating an inward (outward)loading, for which the specimen is to be tested under repeatedconditions, expressed in Pa (lb/ft2).3.2.9 impact p
18、rotective systemconstruction applied, at-tached, or locked over an exterior glazed opening system toprotect that system from windborne debris during high windevents.3.2.9.1 DiscussionImpact protective system include typesthat are fixed, operable, or removable.3.2.10 specifying authoritythe entity re
19、sponsible for de-termining and furnishing information required to perform thistest method.3.2.11 test loading programthe entire sequence of airpressure cycles to be applied to the test specimen.3.2.12 test specimenthe entire assembled unit submittedfor test.3.2.13 windborne debrisobjects carried by
20、the wind inwindstorms.3.2.14 windstorma weather event, such as a hurricane,with high sustained winds and turbulent gusts capable ofgenerating windborne debris.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of mounting the test specimen,impacting the test specimen with a missile(s), and thena
21、pplying cyclic static pressure differentials across the testspecimen in accordance with a specified test loading program,observing and measuring the condition of the test specimen,and reporting the results.5. Significance and Use5.1 Structural design of exterior windows, curtain walls,doors, and imp
22、act protective systems is typically based onpositive and negative design pressure(s). Design pressuresbased on wind speeds with a mean recurrence interval (usually25100 years) that relates to desired levels of structuralreliability and are appropriate for the type and importance ofthe building (1).5
23、The adequacy of the structural design issubstantiated by other test methods such as Test Methods E 330and E 1233 which discuss proof loads as added factors ofsafety. However, these test methods do not account for otherfactors such as impact from windborne debris followed byfluctuating pressures asso
24、ciated with a severe windstorm envi-ronment. As demonstrated by windstorm damage investiga-tions, windborne debris is present in hurricanes and has causeda significant amount of damage to building envelopes (2-7).The actual in-service performance of fenestration assembliesand impact protective syste
25、ms in areas prone to severe wind-storms is dependent on many factors. Windstorm damageinvestigations have shown that the effects of windborne debris,followed by the effects of repeated or cyclic wind loading,were a major factor in building damage (2-7).5.1.1 Many factors affect the actual loading on
26、 buildingsurfaces during a severe windstorm, including varying winddirection, duration of the wind event, height above ground,building shape, terrain, surrounding structures, and other fac-tors (1). The resistance of fenestration or impact protectivesystems assemblies to wind loading after impact de
27、pends uponproduct design, installation, load magnitude, duration, andrepetition.5.1.2 Windows, doors, and curtain walls are building enve-lope components often subject to damage in windstorms. Thedamage caused by windborne debris during windstorms goesbeyond failure of building envelope components s
28、uch aswindows, doors, and curtain walls. Breaching of the envelopeexposes a buildings contents to the damaging effects ofcontinued wind and rain (1, 4-7). A potentially more seriousresult is internal pressurization. When the windward wall of abuilding is breached, the internal pressure in the buildi
29、ngincreases, resulting in increased outward acting pressure on theother walls and the roof. The internal pressure coefficient (seeANSI/ASCE 7), which is one of several design parameters, canincrease by a factor as high as four. This can increase the netoutward acting pressure by a factor as high as
30、two.5.1.3 The commentary to ANSI/ASCE 7-93 discusses inter-nal pressure coefficients and the increased value to be used indesigning envelopes with “openings” as follows:“Openings” in Table 9 (Internal Pressure Coefficients for Buildings) meanspermanent or other openings that are likely to be breache
31、d during highwinds. For example, if window glass is likely to be broken by missiles dur-ing a windstorm, this is considered to be an opening. However, if doorsand windows and their supports are designed to resist specified loads andthe glass is protected by a screen or barrier, they need not be cons
32、ideredopenings. (109)Thus, there are two options in designing buildings forwindstorms with windborne debris: buildings designed with“openings” (partially enclosed buildings) to withstand thehigher pressures noted in the commentary toANSI/ASCE 7-93and, alternatively, building envelope components desi
33、gned sothey are not likely to be breached in a windstorm whenimpacted by windborne debris. The latter approach reduces thelikelihood of exposing the building contents to the weather.5.2 In this test method, a test specimen is first subjected tospecified missile impact(s) followed by the application
34、of aspecified number of cycles of positive and negative staticpressure differential (8). The assembly must satisfy the pass/fail criteria established by the specifying authority, which mayallow damage such as deformation, deflection, or glass break-age.5.3 The windborne debris generated during a sev
35、ere wind-storm varies greatly, depending upon windspeed, height abovethe ground, terrain, surrounding structures, and other sourcesof debris (4). Typical debris in hurricanes consists of missilesincluding, but not limited to, roof gravel, roof tiles, signage,portions of damaged structures, framing l
36、umber, roofing ma-terials, and sheet metal (4,7,9). Median impact velocities for5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.E1886052missiles affecting residential structures considered in Ref (7)ranged from 9 m/s (30 fps) to 30 m/s (100 fps). The m
37、issilesand their associated velocity ranges used in this test method areselected to reasonably represent typical debris produced bywindstorms.5.4 To determine design wind loads, averaged wind speedsare translated into air pressure differences. Superimposed onthe averaged winds are gusts whose aggreg
38、ation, for shortperiods of time (ranging from fractions of seconds to a fewseconds) may move at considerably higher speeds than theaveraged winds. Wind pressures related to building design,wind intensity versus duration, frequency of occurrence, andother factors are considered.5.4.1 Wind speeds are
39、typically selected for particulargeographic locations and probabilities of occurrence from windspeed maps such as those prepared by the National WeatherService, from appropriate wind load documents such as ANSI/ASCE 7 or from building codes enforced in a particulargeographic region.5.4.2 Equivalent
40、static pressure differences are calculatedusing the selected wind speeds (1).5.5 Cyclic pressure effects on fenestration assemblies afterimpact by windborne debris are significant (6-8, 10-12).Itisappropriate to test the strength of the assembly for a timeduration representative of sustained winds a
41、nd gusts in awindstorm. Gust wind loads are of relatively short duration.Other test methods, such as Test Methods E 330 and E 1233,do not model gust loadings. They are not to be specified for thepurpose of testing the adequacy of the assembly to remainunbreached in a windstorm environment following
42、impact bywindborne debris.5.6 Further information on the subjects covered in Section 5is available in Refs (1-12).6. Apparatus6.1 Use any equipment capable of performing the testprocedure within the allowable tolerances.6.2 Major Components:6.2.1 Mounting FrameThe fixture which supports the testspec
43、imen in a vertical position during testing. The maximumdeflection of the longest member of the mounting frame eitherduring impact or the maximum specified static air pressuredifferential shall not exceed L/360, where L denotes the longestunsupported length of a member of the mounting frame.Deflectio
44、n measurements shall be made normal to the plane ofthe specimen at the point of maximum deflection. The mount-ing frame shall be either integral with the test chamber orcapable of being installed into the test chamber prior to orfollowing missile impact(s). The mounting frame must beanchored so it d
45、oes not move when the specimen is impacted.6.2.2 Air Pressure Cycling Test ChamberAn enclosure orbox with an opening against which the test specimen isinstalled. It must be capable of withstanding the specifiedcyclic static pressure differential. Pressure taps shall be pro-vided to facilitate measur
46、ement of the cyclic static pressuredifferential. They shall be located such that the measurementsare unaffected by air supplied to or evacuated from the testchamber or by any other air movements.6.2.3 Air Pressure SystemA controllable blower, a com-pressed air supply/vacuum system, or other suitable
47、 systemcapable of providing the required maximum air pressuredifferential (inward and outward acting) across the test speci-men. Specified pressure differentials across the test specimenshall be imposed and controlled through any system thatsubjects the test specimen to the prescribed test loadingpr
48、ogram. Examples of suitable control systems include manu-ally operated valves, electrically operated valves, or computercontrolled servo-valves.6.2.4 Air Pressure Measuring ApparatusPressure differ-entials across the test specimen shall be measured by an airpressure measuring apparatus with an accur
49、acy of 62 % of itsmaximum rated capacity, or 6100 Pa (2 psf), whichever is less,and with a response time less than 50 ms. Examples ofacceptable apparatus are: mechanical pressure gages and elec-tronic pressure transducers.6.2.5 Missile Propulsion Device(s)Any device capable ofpropelling the missile at a specified speed, orientation, andimpact location. The missile shall not be accelerating uponimpact due to the force of gravity along a line normal to thespecimen. Examples of commonly used missile propulsiondevices are found in Appendix X1.6.2.6 Speed Measuring S
