1、Designation: E1886 13Standard Test Method forPerformance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, andImpact Protective Systems Impacted by Missile(s) andExposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1886; the number immediately following the designat
2、ion indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the perfor
3、mance of exteriorwindows, curtain walls, doors, and impact protective systemsimpacted by missile(s) and subsequently subjected to cyclicstatic pressure differentials. A missile propulsion device, an airpressure system, and a test chamber are used to model someconditions which may be representative o
4、f windborne debrisand pressures in a windstorm environment. This test method isapplicable to the design of entire fenestration or impactprotection systems assemblies and their installation. The per-formance determined by this test method relates to the abilityof elements of the building envelope to
5、remain unbreachedduring a windstorm.1.2 The specifying authority shall define the representativeconditions (see 10.1).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. Values given in parentheses are for information only.Certain values contained in reference documents cited herein
6、may be stated in inch-pound units and must be converted by theuser.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the ap
7、plica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E330 Test Method for Structural Performance of ExteriorWindows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls by UniformStatic Air Pressure DifferenceE631 Terminology
8、 of Building ConstructionsE997 Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass inExterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under theInfluence of Uniform Static Loads by Destructive Meth-odsE1233 Test Method for Structural Performance of ExteriorWindows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic
9、Air Pressure Differential2.2 ANSI/ASCE Standard:3ANSI/ASCE 7 American Society of Civil Engineers Mini-mum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures2.3 American Lumber Standard:4Document PS20-94 American Softwood Lumber Standard3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: General terms used in this test meth
10、od aredefined in Terminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 2 4 in. lumbera dressed piece of surface dry,softwood lumber as defined in Document PS20-94.3.2.2 air pressure cyclebeginning at a specified air pres-sure differential, the application of positive (negative) p
11、ressureto achieve another specified air pressure differential andreturning to the initial specified air pressure differential.3.2.3 air pressure differentialthe specified differential instatic air pressure across the specimen, creating an inward(outward) load, expressed in Pa (lb/ft2). The maximum a
12、irpressure differential (P) is specified or is equal to the designpressure.3.2.4 basic wind speedthe wind speed as determined bythe specifying authority.3.2.5 design pressurethe uniform static air pressuredifference, inward or outward, for which the test specimen1This test method is under the jurisd
13、iction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originallypublished in 1997. Last previous edition approved i
14、n 2005 as E1886 05. DOI:10.1520/E1886-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Amer
15、ican Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.4Available fromAmerican Lumber Standard Committee, Inc. (ALSC), P.O. Box210, Germantown, MD 20875-0210, http:/www.alsc.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
16、ohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1would be designed under service load conditions using con-ventional structural engineering specifications and concepts.This pressure is determined by either analytical or wind tunnelprocedures (such as are specified in ANSI/ASCE 7).3.2.6 fenestration assemblythe
17、 construction intended tobe installed to fill a wall or roof opening.3.2.7 impact protective systemconstruction applied,attached, or locked over an exterior glazed opening system toprotect that system from windborne debris during high windevents.3.2.7.1 DiscussionImpact protective system include typ
18、esthat are fixed, operable, or removable.3.2.8 missilethe object which is propelled toward a testspecimen.3.2.9 positive (negative) cyclic test loadthe specified dif-ference in static air pressure, creating an inward (outward)loading, for which the specimen is to be tested under repeatedconditions,
19、expressed in Pa (lb/ft2).3.2.10 specifying authoritythe entity responsible for de-termining and furnishing information required to perform thistest method.3.2.11 test loading programthe entire sequence of airpressure cycles to be applied to the test specimen.3.2.12 test specimenthe entire assembled
20、unit submittedfor test.3.2.13 windborne debrisobjects carried by the wind inwindstorms.3.2.14 windstorma weather event, such as a hurricane,with high sustained winds and turbulent gusts capable ofgenerating windborne debris.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of mounting the test
21、specimen,impacting the test specimen with a missile(s), and thenapplying cyclic static pressure differentials across the testspecimen in accordance with a specified test loading program,observing and measuring the condition of the test specimen,and reporting the results.5. Significance and Use5.1 St
22、ructural design of exterior windows, curtain walls,doors, and impact protective systems is typically based onpositive and negative design pressure(s). Design pressuresbased on wind speeds with a mean recurrence interval (usually25 to 100 years) that relates to desired levels of structuralreliability
23、 and are appropriate for the type and importance ofthe building (1).5The adequacy of the structural design issubstantiated by other test methods such as Test Methods E330and E1233 which discuss proof loads as added factors ofsafety. However, these test methods do not account for otherfactors such as
24、 impact from windborne debris followed byfluctuating pressures associated with a severe windstorm envi-ronment. As demonstrated by windstorm damageinvestigations, windborne debris is present in hurricanes andhas caused a significant amount of damage to building enve-lopes (2-7). The actual in-servic
25、e performance of fenestrationassemblies and impact protective systems in areas prone tosevere windstorms is dependent on many factors. Windstormdamage investigations have shown that the effects of wind-borne debris, followed by the effects of repeated or cyclic windloading, were a major factor in bu
26、ilding damage (2-7).5.1.1 Many factors affect the actual loading on buildingsurfaces during a severe windstorm, including varying winddirection, duration of the wind event, height above ground,building shape, terrain, surrounding structures, and other fac-tors (1). The resistance of fenestration or
27、impact protectivesystems assemblies to wind loading after impact depends uponproduct design, installation, load magnitude, duration, andrepetition.5.1.2 Windows, doors, and curtain walls are building enve-lope components often subject to damage in windstorms. Thedamage caused by windborne debris dur
28、ing windstorms goesbeyond failure of building envelope components such aswindows, doors, and curtain walls. Breaching of the envelopeexposes a buildings contents to the damaging effects ofcontinued wind and rain (1, 4-7). A potentially more seriousresult is internal pressurization. When the windward
29、 wall of abuilding is breached, the internal pressure in the buildingincreases, resulting in increased outward acting pressure on theother walls and the roof. The internal pressure coefficient (seeANSI/ASCE 7), which is one of several design parameters, canincrease by a factor as high as four. This
30、can increase the netoutward acting pressure by a factor as high as two.5.1.3 The commentary to ANSI/ASCE 7-93 discusses inter-nal pressure coefficients and the increased value to be used indesigning envelopes with “openings” as follows:“Openings” in Table 9 (Internal Pressure Coefficients for Buildi
31、ngs) meanspermanent or other openings that are likely to be breached during highwinds. For example, if window glass is likely to be broken by missilesduring a windstorm, this is considered to be an opening. However, if doorsand windows and their supports are designed to resist specified loads andthe
32、 glass is protected by a screen or barrier, they need not be consideredopenings. (109)Thus, there are two options in designing buildings forwindstorms with windborne debris: buildings designed with“openings” (partially enclosed buildings) to withstand thehigher pressures noted in the commentary toAN
33、SI/ASCE 7-93and, alternatively, building envelope components designed sothey are not likely to be breached in a windstorm whenimpacted by windborne debris. The latter approach reduces thelikelihood of exposing the building contents to the weather.5.2 In this test method, a test specimen is first sub
34、jected tospecified missile impact(s) followed by the application of aspecified number of cycles of positive and negative staticpressure differential (8). The assembly must satisfy the pass/fail criteria established by the specifying authority, which mayallow damage such as deformation, deflection, o
35、r glass break-age.5.3 The windborne debris generated during a severe wind-storm varies greatly, depending upon windspeed, height abovethe ground, terrain, surrounding structures, and other sourcesof debris (4). Typical debris in hurricanes consists of missiles5The boldface numbers in parentheses ref
36、er to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.E1886 132including, but not limited to, roof gravel, roof tiles, signage,portions of damaged structures, framing lumber, roofingmaterials, and sheet metal (4, 7, 9). Median impact velocitiesfor missiles affecting residential structures consider
37、ed in Ref(7) ranged from 9 m/s (30 fps) to 30 m/s (100 fps).The missilesand their associated velocity ranges used in this test method areselected to reasonably represent typical debris produced bywindstorms.5.4 To determine design wind loads, averaged wind speedsare translated into air pressure diff
38、erences. Superimposed onthe averaged winds are gusts whose aggregation, for shortperiods of time (ranging from fractions of seconds to a fewseconds) may move at considerably higher speeds than theaveraged winds. Wind pressures related to building design,wind intensity versus duration, frequency of o
39、ccurrence, andother factors are considered.5.4.1 Wind speeds are typically selected for particulargeographic locations and probabilities of occurrence from windspeed maps such as those prepared by the National WeatherService, from appropriate wind load documents such as ANSI/ASCE 7 or from building
40、codes enforced in a particulargeographic region.5.4.2 Equivalent static pressure differences are calculatedusing the selected wind speeds (1).5.5 Cyclic pressure effects on fenestration assemblies afterimpact by windborne debris are significant (6-8, 10-12).Itisappropriate to test the strength of th
41、e assembly for a timeduration representative of sustained winds and gusts in awindstorm. Gust wind loads are of relatively short duration.Other test methods, such as Test Methods E330 and E1233,donot model gust loadings. They are not to be specified for thepurpose of testing the adequacy of the asse
42、mbly to remainunbreached in a windstorm environment following impact bywindborne debris.5.6 Further information on the subjects covered in Section 5is available in Refs (1-12).6. Apparatus6.1 Use any equipment capable of performing the testprocedure within the allowable tolerances.6.2 Major Componen
43、ts:6.2.1 Mounting FrameThe fixture which supports the testspecimen in a vertical position during testing. The maximumdeflection of the longest member of the mounting frame eitherduring impact or the maximum specified static air pressuredifferential shall not exceed L/360, where L denotes the longest
44、unsupported length of a member of the mounting frame.Deflection measurements shall be made normal to the plane ofthe specimen at the point of maximum deflection. The mount-ing frame shall be either integral with the test chamber orcapable of being installed into the test chamber prior to orfollowing
45、 missile impact(s). The mounting frame must beanchored so it does not move when the specimen is impacted.6.2.2 Air Pressure Cycling Test ChamberAn enclosure orbox with an opening against which the test specimen isinstalled. It must be capable of withstanding the specifiedcyclic static pressure diffe
46、rential. Pressure taps shall be pro-vided to facilitate measurement of the cyclic static pressuredifferential. They shall be located such that the measurementsare unaffected by air supplied to or evacuated from the testchamber or by any other air movements.6.2.3 Air Pressure SystemA controllable blo
47、wer, a com-pressed air supply/vacuum system, or other suitable systemcapable of providing the required maximum air pressuredifferential (inward and outward acting) across the test speci-men. Specified pressure differentials across the test specimenshall be imposed and controlled through any system t
48、hatsubjects the test specimen to the prescribed test loadingprogram. Examples of suitable control systems include manu-ally operated valves, electrically operated valves, or computercontrolled servo-valves.6.2.4 Air Pressure Measuring ApparatusPressure differ-entials across the test specimen shall b
49、e measured by an airpressure measuring apparatus with an accuracy of 62 % of itsmaximum rated capacity, or 6100 Pa (2 psf), whichever is less,and with a response time less than 50 ms. Examples ofacceptable apparatus are: mechanical pressure gages and elec-tronic pressure transducers.6.2.5 Missile Propulsion Device(s)Any device capable ofpropelling the missile at a specified speed, orientation, andimpact location. The missile shall not be accelerating uponimpact due to the force of gravity along a line normal to thespecimen. Examples of commonly used missile
