1、Designation: E1890 11 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Guide forValidating New Area Reference Skid Measurement Systemsand Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1890; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers validating area reference skid mea-surement systems (ARSMS) and related equipment. Thes
3、esystems have been used since 1976 to evaluate and correlateTest Method E274 skid measurement systems used primarily asa pavement management tool by state Departments of Trans-portation. Also, this guide provides guidelines for the revali-dation process following the replacement of componentswithin
4、an ARSMS.1.2 This guide is offered as a process to identify andquantify the variables that affect system performance, tominimize the effect of these variables, and to provide a methodof validating a newARSMS to replace an existingARSMS thathas provided quality correlation data for a very long time.1
5、.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard since the ARSMS will be compared with statedepartments of transportation systems that all currently useinch-pound units. The values given in parentheses are math-ematical conversions to SI units that are provided for informa-
6、tion only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulator
7、y limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E274 Test Method for Skid Resistance of Paved SurfacesUsing a Full-Scale TireE501 Specification for Rib Tire for Pavement Skid-Resistance TestsE556 Test Method for Calibrating a Wheel Force or TorqueTransducer Using a Calibration
8、Platform (User Level)E867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement SystemsF377 Practice for Calibration of Braking/Tractive MeasuringDevices for Testing TiresF457 Test Method for Speed and Distance Calibration ofFifth Wheel Equipped With Either Analog or DigitalInstrumentation3. Terminology3.1 Defin
9、itions:3.1.1 Terminology used in this guide conforms to thedefinitions in Terminology E867.4. Summary of Guide4.1 There are three phases to the process of validating newARSMS equipment. Phase One is the calibration of all theequipment and instrumentation to be used in this process.Phase Two addresse
10、s the variables associated with the deter-mination of a skid number (SN) and attempts to quantify theimpact that each variable may have upon the accurate deter-mination of an SN. Phase Three is the dynamic validationprocess, based upon the variables confirmed in Phase Two.4.2 The approach is based u
11、pon Test Method E274 but withmuch narrower tolerances and greater control of the manypotential variables. The extra effort is required since theproducts are measurement tools which will be used to evaluatethe variety of Test Method E274 systems.4.3 It is anticipated that the SN data produced by the
12、twoexisting ARSMS and the SN data produced by each of the newARSMS will have no significant difference.4.4 The following three-phase procedural guide identifiesthe individual components or pieces, the evaluation process foreach item, and the expected results.5. Significance and Use5.1 Friction chara
13、cteristics of traveled surfaces are moni-tored by skid measurement systems, and the operating proce-dure for the use of these systems is Test Method E274.However, dynamic measurement differences between thesesystems, that comply with the requirements of Test Method1This guide is under the jurisdicti
14、on of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle -Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.21 on FieldMethods for Measuring Tire Pavement Friction.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1
15、890 - 11. DOI:10.1520/E1890-11R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Internationa
16、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E274, require that each of these systems be correlated to eachother system. The most effective approach to accomplish thiscorrelation is to compare each system to a singular, highlyaccurate system, or to a very li
17、mited number (two or three) ofsystems, in a controlled environment. The ARSMSs weredesigned to be such systems. Fig. 1 depicts a skid measurementsystem and shows the general location of the major compo-nents.5.2 This guide defines the process of ensuring that theARSMSs continue to accomplish their i
18、ntended purpose.6. Apparatus6.1 Voltmeter(s), capable of accurate measurement of linevoltage and dc voltages common in strain gage instrumenta-tion.6.2 Thermometer, to monitor temperature within the truckcab during static calibrations.6.3 Load Cell, National Institute of Science and Technologytracea
19、ble, 1000 lb (4448 N) and 2000 lb (8900 N) ranges arerequired in accordance with Practice F377.6.4 Distance/Velocity Measurement System, required in ac-cordance with Test Method F457.6.5 Tachometer, to determine and monitor the speed of thewater pump during calibration of the water system.6.6 Water
20、Volume Measurement System, to calibrate thewater pumping ability of the water system. Consists of: acollector to capture all water pumped during a fixed timeinterval, a device to measure the volume of water pumped, astopwatch, and a method to operate the water pump at variousspeeds.6.7 Static Water
21、Distribution Gage, SDG, a collector, set atthe roadway level, that is divided into 22 sections of equalwidth,58 in. (16 mm), so that each section catches water fromthe water nozzle and feeds it into a separate reservoir andviewing tube thus allowing the water nozzle distribution to beevaluated.6.8 M
22、ultiple-Event Timer, to determine the cycle time of thewater delivery, brake apply, wheel lock-up, data averaging, andbrake release events. Timer must have an accuracy of 60.001s.6.9 Recorder, to record vehicle speed, 60.1 mph (0.2 km/h),versus time.6.10 Infrared Photo-Electric Trigger System, capab
23、le ofactivating the brake apply circuitry in a repeatable manner.7. Phase One7.1 All ARSMSs shall meet all requirements of the currentversion of Test Method E274.7.2 Calibration of the Force Plate and Air Bearing Plat-form:7.2.1 Calibrate both axes of the calibration platform undersimultaneous load
24、conditions in accordance with Section 6 ofTest Method F377, with the following modifications:7.2.1.1 Calibrate traction through a range from 0 to 800 lb(3560 N). (See 6.3.4 of Test Method F377.)7.2.1.2 Crosstalk shall be less than 0.5 % of the appliedload. (See 6.3.4 of Test Method F377.)7.2.1.3 Use
25、 the reference load cell to calibrate the verticalload axis of the platform with zero traction force. Repeat usingan applied traction force of 500 lb (2225 N). (See 6.3.10 of TestMethod F377.)7.2.2 Adjust platform instrumentation zero and span toindicate correct values from National Institute of Sci
26、ence andTechnology traceable load cells. Record calibration values.7.2.3 Repeat the platform calibration two more times toverify repeatability, within tolerance specified in 7.2.1 or TestMethod F377 whichever is less.7.3 Towing Vehicle:7.3.1 Perform maintenance, as required, to ensure the towtruck i
27、s dependable and capable of functioning to minimize anydelays to the program. Determine the normal load distributionof the truck and maintain this distribution during this process,within the range of fuel and water load variation. DetermineFIG. 1 Skid Measurement SystemE1890 11 (2015)2the hitch heig
28、ht, with the trailer connected and14 tank of water,and repeat this measurement with a full tank of water. Themeasured difference in hitch height with full water versus14water should not exceed 2 in. (50 mm).7.3.2 Determine the effect of engine speed on systemelectronics such as excitation voltage, a
29、mplifier outputs, andnoise. The system electronics must not be affected by enginer/min, and any electrical noise problems must be eliminated orthese effects minimized and documented.7.3.3 Determine the effect of cabin temperature upon thesystem electronics. Use the trucks heating and air conditionin
30、gsystem, combined with outside ambient air temperature, tovary the cabin temperature from 60 to 90F (15 to 32C).Document the temperature stability of the system, and if cabintemperature does affect the fidelity of the system electronics,eliminate or minimize the effect.7.4 Trailer:7.4.1 Set the weig
31、ht distribution of the trailer at 1085 6 5lb(4828 6 22 N), per wheel, with the tongue weight of 150 6 25lb (667 6 111 N). Tire pressure is 24 6 0.5 psi (165 6 3 kPa)cold.7.4.2 Determine the temperature stability of the transduceroutputs. Record the zero, gain, and calibration voltage output,both tra
32、ction and load, with the transducer and instrumentationsystem energized for one hour but with the brakes and tires atambient conditions. Run 24 wet and 10 dry slide tests to putheat into the transducer. Stop, following the last dry slide, waitfive minutes, and recheck the transducer zero, gain, andc
33、alibration voltage. Minimize and document any effect oftransducer temperature upon transducer outputs.7.5 Distance and Velocity Measurement Device:7.5.1 If the distance and velocity measurement device usedto generate speed and distance data for the skid system is aseparate subsystem, calibrate this
34、subsystem in accordancewith Test Method F457 standards with the following modifi-cation:7.5.1.1 All three speed calibration runs must agree with thecalibrated speed within 60.2 mph (0.3 km/h). (See 6.4.2 ofTest Method F457.)7.5.2 If the truck drivetrain is normally used to generatespeed and distance
35、 data for the skid system, its outputs must becalibrated and adjusted to match that of a calibrated distanceand velocity device. The truck and trailer are to be loaded totheir normal load condition with tire pressures set at theirrecommended inflation pressure cold. Select a high-qualitydistance and
36、 velocity measurement device, calibrated to TestMethod F457 standards, to be used to calibrate the on-boarddistance and velocity measurement system. Run a measuredmile and adjust the device to obtain 5280 6 5 ft (1609 6 1.5m) distance at each calibrated speed: 20, 40, and 60 mph (32,64, and 97 km/h)
37、. Repeat the process two more times at eachspeed. The distance outputs must repeat within 65 ft (1.5 m)on all runs. The speed output of the drivetrain device mustagree with the calibrated speed output within 60.2 mph (0.3km/h).NOTE 1If a fifth wheel is selected, ensure that it has been balancedand h
38、as minimal radial run out. The fifth-wheel mount should bepositioned such that the fifth-wheel frame is horizontal in the downposition. Prior to the calibration, set the fifth-wheel tire pressure inaccordance with the manufacturer,s recommendations, and warm-up thesystem for 5 miles (8 km) at 40 mph
39、 (64 km/h).7.6 Water System:7.6.1 Determine the water pump driven speeds at 20, 40,and 60 mph (32, 64, and 97 km/h) with normal truck loadingconditions:7.6.1.1 Full fuel and water loads,7.6.1.2 Distance and velocity measurement device installed,7.6.1.3 Cold tire pressures set, and7.6.1.4 Air shock p
40、ressure set.7.6.2 Operate the truck at calibrated speeds of 20, 40, and 60mph (32, 64, and 97 km/h) to obtain the water pump drivenspeed for each corrected speed.NOTE 2The transmission must be in the gear normally used for skidtesting.7.6.3 Using the water volume measurement system, deter-mine that
41、the quantity of water delivered matches Test MethodE274 requirements within 65 %, instead of 610 %, under allconditions. Run three repeats at each of the three water pumpspeeds, equating to 20, 40, and 60 mph (32, 64, and 97 km/h),with a full water tank for the water quantity tests. Run threerepeats
42、 at each water pump speed with a14 full water tank.Repeatability is to be within 5 % of the average.7.6.4 Determine that the position of the water nozzle meetsthe geometry requirements of Test Method E274.7.6.5 If the system uses a movable water nozzle, actuate thewater nozzle positioning system thr
43、ee times and measurenozzle angle, ground clearance, tire/nozzle center alignment,and water to ground contact point each time to determine thatthe system repeatedly places the nozzle correctly.7.6.6 Using the static water distribution gage, determine thedistribution of water at each of the three wate
44、r pump speeds.Make three runs at each speed. Take pictures of the static waterdistribution gage following each run to check for repeatability.The difference between any two column readings shall notexceed 10 % of the maximum column height.7.7 Cycle TimingUsing timing equipment capable of ac-curate m
45、easurements of 0.001 s, determine the cycle time andsequence of the water delivery, brake apply, wheel lock-up,data averaging, and brake release events. Repeat two moretimes to determine repeatability within 0.01 s.7.8 Tires:7.8.1 Select sufficient quantity of Specification E501 tiresincluding spare
46、s, as dictated by the test matrix developedelsewhere in this guide, to conduct the correlation. The tiresmust be from the same batch and be selected on the basis oftheir ability to meet the nominal values of the specifications inSpecification E501.7.8.2 Mount, balance, and break-in tires in accordan
47、ce withTest Method E274.7.8.3 Mark the tires with a radial sidewall stripe to assist indetermining lock-up, and number each tire. Record all tire databy tire number for later reference.7.9 Wheel Transducer Calibration:E1890 11 (2015)37.9.1 Calibrate both axes of the wheel transducer in accor-dance w
48、ith Test Method E556 with the following modifica-tions:7.9.1.1 Tolerance on crosstalk is 0.5 % instead of 1 %. (See7.4.1 in Test Method E556.)7.9.1.2 If the traction crosstalk into load measurementrequires transducer rotation, the load crosstalk into tractionmust be rechecked. (See 7.4.1 in Test Met
49、hod E556.)7.9.1.3 Minimizing traction crosstalk into load has priorityover load crosstalk into traction. (See 7.4.1 in Test MethodE556.)7.9.1.4 Nonlinearity and hystersis of wheel transducer loadand traction values must not exceed 0.5 % of maximum appliedload, above 200 lb (890 N). (See 8.10 in Test Method E556.)7.9.1.5 Calibration of the traction output must span 0800 lb(3560 N) with an initial vertical load of 1085 6 5 lb (4828 622 N). Repeat the traction calibration with the vertical load at1250 6 5 lb (5562 6 22 N). (See 8.11 in Test Method E556.)NOTE 3Repeat each
