1、Designation: E1918 06 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Method forMeasuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-SlopedSurfaces in the Field1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1918; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of solarreflectance of various horizontal and low
3、-sloped surfaces andmaterials in the field, using a pyranometer. The test method isintended for use when the sun angle to the normal from asurface is less than 45.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E722 Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra inTerms of an Equivalent Monoenergeti
4、c Neutron Fluencefor Radiation-Hardness Testing of ElectronicsE903 Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, andTransmittance of Materials Using Integrating Spheres3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 low-sloped surfacessurfaces with a slope smallerthan 9.5. The roofing industry has widely acce
5、pted a slope of2:12 or less as a definition of low-sloped roofs. This corre-sponds to a slope of approximately 9.5 (16.7 %).3.1.2 pyranometeran instrument (radiometer) used tomeasure the total solar radiant energy incident upon a surfaceper unit time and unit surface area.3.1.3 solar energythe radia
6、nt energy originating from thesun. Approximately 99 % of solar energy lies between wave-lengths of 0.3 to 3.5 m.3.1.4 solar fluxfor these measurements, the direct anddiffuse radiation from the sun received at ground level over thesolar spectrum, expressed in watts per square metre.3.1.5 solar reflec
7、tancethe fraction of solar flux reflectedby a surface.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 solar spectrumthe solar spectrum at ground levelextending from wavelength 0.3 to 3.5 m.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A pyranometer is used to measure incoming and re-flected solar radiation
8、for a uniform horizontal or low-slopedsurface. The solar reflectance is the ratio of the reflectedradiation to the incoming radiation.5. Significance and Use5.1 Solar reflectance is an important factor affecting surfaceand near-surface ambient air temperature. Surfaces with lowsolar reflectance (typ
9、ically 30 % or lower), absorb a highfraction of the incoming solar energy which is either conductedinto buildings or convected to air (leading to higher airtemperatures). Use of materials with high solar reflectance mayresult in lower air-conditioning energy use and cooler citiesand communities. The
10、 test method described here measures thesolar reflectance of surfaces in the field.6. Apparatus6.1 SensorA precision spectral pyranometer (PSP) sensi-tive to radiant energy in the 0.282.8 m band is recom-mended. A typical pyranometer yields a linear output of60.5 % between 0 and 1400 Wm2and a respon
11、se time of ones. Specific characteristics can be obtained based on calibrationby the manufacturer of the pyranometer. Other suitable pyra-nometers are discussed in Zerlaut.3The double-dome design ofthe PSP minimizes the effects of internal convection resultingfrom tilting the pyranometer at differen
12、t angles. For this reason,the PSP is especially suitable for this test, since measurementof solar reflectivity requires the apparatus to alternatively faceup and down.6.2 Read-Out InstrumentThe analog output from the pyra-nometer is converted to digital output with a readout meter(such as EPLAB Mode
13、l 455 Instantaneous Solar RadiationMeter) that has an accuracy of better than 60.5 % and aresolution of 1 Wm2. The meter shall be scaled to the1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.18 onNonbit
14、uminous Organic Roof Coverings.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2015. Published February 2015. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E1918 06. DOI:10.1520/E1918-06R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
15、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Zerlaut, G., “Solar Radiation Instrumentation,” Solar Resources, R.L.Hulstrom, ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989, pp. 173308.Copyright ASTM International, 100
16、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1sensitivity of the specific PSP by the manufacturer of thepyranometer. Alternatively, a precision voltmeter can be used.6.3 Pyranometer StandThe pyranometer shall be mountedon an arm and a stand that places the sensor at
17、 a height of 50cm above the surface to minimize the effect of the shadow onmeasured reflected radiation. The arm and stand shall bestrong, cast the smallest possible shadow, and allow thepyranometer to be turned upward and downward easily asshown in Fig. 1.7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
18、7.1 The test method described here applies to large (circleswith at least four metres in diameter or squares four metres ona side), homogeneous, low-sloped surfaces, such as roofs,streets, and parking lots. The measurements shall be performedon dry surfaces.8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 The
19、pyranometer shall be checked to ensure its accu-racy. Most pyranometers are precalibrated by manufacturers. Itis a good practice to recalibrate the pyranometer as specified bythe manufacturer (typically once every year or two years).Recalibration is done by the manufacturer of the pyranometer.9. Pro
20、cedure9.1 Cloud cover and haze significantly affect the measure-ments. The tests shall be conducted on a clear sunny day withno cloud cover or haze during the individual measurements.See AnnexA1 for guidelines on determination of the suitabilityof the atmospheric conditions for conducting the tests.
21、9.2 The test shall be done in conditions where the angle ofthe sun to the normal from the surface of interest is less than45. For flat and low-sloped surfaces, this limits the test tobetween the hours of 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. local standard time; thisis when solar radiation is at least 70 % of the value
22、 obtained atsolar noon for that day. In winter months (when solar angle islow), perform the tests between hours 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.9.3 Align the stand such that the arm points toward the sun(this eliminates the shadow of the people conducting the testand minimizes the effect of the shadow from equipm
23、ent). Thereshall be no other shadow on the measurement area other thanthe minimal shadow cast by the pyranometer and the stand. Thepyranometer shall be parallel to the surface where measure-ment is conducted.9.4 Face the pyranometer upward (that is, looking directlyaway from the surface) to read inc
24、oming solar radiation. Flipthe pyranometer downward to read reflected solar radiation.Make sure the readings are constant for at least 10 s. Themeasurements of incoming and reflected radiation shall beperformed in a time interval not to exceed 2 min. Solarreflectance is the ratio of the reflected ra
25、diation to incomingradiation. Repeat the pairs of incoming and reflected measure-ments at least three times. The calculated solar reflectance fromall the measurements shall agree within 0.01 in a reflectivityscale of 0.00 to 1.00.9.5 The solar reflectance of most exterior surfaces is inher-ently var
26、iable due to variations in the materials themselves,weathering conditions, and a broad range of environmentalcontaminants. To adequately represent the solar reflectance ofthese surfaces, a minimum of three measurements from widelyspaced (locations separated by more that 10 times the height ofthe sen
27、sor above the surface being measured) areas must becollected, and the detailed condition (surface condition,location, and surrounding objects) of each sample are recorded.For each location repeat 9.1 9.3.10. Report10.1 The report shall include the following:10.1.1 The place, date, and time of the te
28、st.FIG. 1 Schematic of the Pyranometer and its StandE1918 06 (2015)210.1.2 General description of the surface (surface condition,dirt on surface, age, if available).10.1.3 Aqualitative assessment of cloud cover or haze. (Themeasurements may need to be repeated if taken under cloudyor hazy conditions
29、.)10.1.4 The incoming solar radiation, the reflected solarradiation, and the calculated solar reflectance for all three pairsof acceptable measurements at each location. The solar reflec-tance is the average of the three acceptable values.11. Precision and Bias11.1 A precision and bias statement has
30、 not been estab-lished. However, most surfaces are non-uniform and their solarreflectances may vary both from one location to another andwith time.12. Keywords12.1 pyranometer; solar energy; solar reflectanceANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. GUIDELINES ON DETERMINATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF THE ATMOSP
31、HERIC CONDITIONS FOR CONDUCT-ING THE TESTSA1.1 The following criteria shall be used to establish thesuitability of the measurement conditions:A1.1.1 HazeAs long as the solar disk is visible and solarflux is not changing rapidly during the test, the measurementscan be performed with reasonable accura
32、cy.A1.1.2 CloudsThe impact of clouds close to the sun islarger than clouds in the horizon. It is important to make themeasurements in a stable solar condition. The best way ofdetermining stability is to make several measurements (eachperformed within a two-minute period), and make sure that thecalcu
33、lated solar reflectance is repeatable within the period ofthe measurement (see 9.4).APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. BIBLIOGRAPHY(1) Akbari, H., Bretz, S., Taha, H., Kurn, D., and Hanford, J.,“Peak Power and Cooling Energy Savings of High-albedoRoofs,” Energy and Buildings, Vol 25, No. 2, 1997,
34、 pp.117126.(2) Rosenfeld, A., Akbari, H., Bretz, S., Fishman, B., Kurn,D., Sailor, D., and Taha, H., “Mitigation of Urban Heat Islands:Material, Utility Programs, Updates,” Energy and Building, 22,1995, pp. 255265.(3) Taha, H., Sailor, D., and Akbari, H., “High-AlbedoMaterials for Reducing Building
35、Cooling Energy Use,” Law-rence Berkley Laboratory Report LBL-31721, Berkeley, CA.,1992.(4) Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), “Laboratory Test-ing of Reflective Properties of Roofing Materials,” ContractReport FSEC-CR-670-93, August, 1993.(5) Reagan, J. A. and Acklam, D. M. A., “Solar Reflectivityo
36、f Common Building Materials and its Influence of the RoofHeat Gain of Typical Southwestern USA Residences,” Energyand Buildings, 2, 1979, pp. 237248.(6) Yarbrough, D. W. and Anderson, R. W., “Use ofRadiation Control Coatings to Reduce Building Air-Conditioning Loads,” Energy Source, Vol 15, 1992, pp
37、. 5966.E1918 06 (2015)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringem
38、ent of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or
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40、own to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting AS
41、TM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 06 (2015)4
