1、Designation: E 1934 99a (Reapproved 2005)e1Standard Guide forExamining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment withInfrared Thermography1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1934; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEFootnote 2 was editorially changed to include the publication suppliers new address in March 2005.1.
3、Scope1.1 This guide lists the responsibilities of the end user andthe infrared thermographer when examining electrical andmechanical systems.1.2 This guide outlines the specific content required todocument qualitative and quantitative infrared examinations ofelectrical and mechanical equipment21.3 T
4、his guide may involve use of equipment and materialsin the presence of heated, moving or all of these or electricallyenergized equipment.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to e
5、stablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 end userthe person responsible for using the infor-mat
6、ion provided by an infrared examination.3.1.2 exceptionan abnormally warm or cool connector,conductor or component.3.1.3 infrared examinationthe use of an infrared imagingsystem to provide thermal data about a structure, system, objector process.3.1.4 inventory lista list of the equipment by the inf
7、raredthermographer.3.1.5 qualified assistanta person provided and authorizedby the end user to perform the tasks required by the infraredthermographer. He/she shall be knowledgeable of the operationand history of the equipment to be examined and of all safetypractices and rules of the end user.3.1.6
8、 qualitative infrared inspectionan infrared examina-tion that provides images of exceptions but not temperaturedata.3.1.7 quantitative infrared inspectionan infrared exami-nation that provides both images of exceptions and temperaturedata.3.2 See also Terminology E 1316.4. Significance and Use4.1 Th
9、is guide can be used by an end user to specify infraredexaminations of electrical and mechanical equipment and aninfrared thermographer to perform them.4.2 This guide lists the joint responsibilities of the end userand the infrared thermographer when using infrared thermog-raphy.4.3 The purpose of a
10、n infrared examination is to identifyand document exceptions in the end users electrical ormechanical systems, or both.4.3.1 In electrical equipment, warm exceptions are usuallycreated by an increase in resistance caused by loose ordeteriorated connections, short circuits, overloads, load imbal-ance
11、s or faulty, mismatched or improperly installed compo-nents. Cool exceptions are usually caused by failed compo-nents.4.3.2 In mechanical equipment, warm exceptions are usu-ally created by friction caused by improper lubrication, mis-alignment, worn components or mechanical loading anomalies.Cool ex
12、ceptions are usually caused by failed components.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on EmergingNDT Methods.Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 199
13、7. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 1934 - 99a.2This guide is adapted from the Guideline for Infrared Inspection and Mechani-cal Systems developed by Infraspection Institute, 425 Ellis Street, Burlington, NJ08016.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcont
14、act ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3.3 Exceptions in in
15、sulation systems are usually caused bymissing or deteriorated materials, improper installation orinsufficient amounts of material.4.4 Providing opinions about the causes of exceptions, theintegrity of the equipment or recommendations for correctiveactions require knowledge and skills beyond those of
16、 infraredthermography.4.5 Infrared examinations provide data about equipment atthe time of examination only.4.6 Infrared examinations are not remedial.4.7 An infrared examination of electrical and mechanicalequipment does not assure its proper operation. Other tests andproper maintenance are necessa
17、ry to ensure their reliableperformance.5. Personnel Responsibilities5.1 The infrared thermographer shall:5.1.1 Have sufficient knowledge of the components, con-struction and theory of electrical or mechanical equipment, orboth, to understand the observed patterns of radiation,5.1.2 Be knowledgeable
18、of, and comply with, the safetypractices and rules of the end user, and5.1.3 Use an infrared imaging system with imaging orradiometric capabilities, or both, sufficient to meet the exami-nation requirements.5.2 Unless he/she is a licensed electrician, professionalengineer or has other equivalent qua
19、lifications, the infraredthermographer:5.2.1 Shall not perform any tasks that are normally done bythese personnel. Unless so qualified and authorized by the enduser, the infrared thermographer,5.2.2 Shall not remove or replace covers or open or closecabinets containing electrical or mechanical equip
20、ment,5.2.3 Shall not measure electric loads of equipment, and5.2.4 Shall not touch any equipment and shall maintain asafe distance from it.5.3 The qualified assistant shall fulfill the responsibilitieslisted in 3.1.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.4 through 6.4.3, 6.7.1, and 6.8.5.4 The end user shall assume full res
21、ponsibility for conse-quences resulting from actions taken, or not taken, as a resultof data provided by an infrared examination.6. Procedure6.1 The end user shall provide, to accompany the infraredthermographer, a qualified assistant who is knowledgeable ofthe operation and history of the equipment
22、 to be examined.6.2 With the assistance of the qualified assistant, the infra-red thermographer shall develop an inventory list of theequipment to be examined in a logical, efficient and safe routethrough the facility.6.3 The infrared thermographer shall perform a calibrationtest(s), before each qua
23、ntitative infrared examination, to ensurethat all temperature-measuring equipment is within the manu-facturers standard specifications for accuracy.6.4 The qualified assistant shall prepare the equipment forexamination by:6.4.1 Obtaining authorization necessary to gain access tothe equipment to be e
24、xamined and notifying operations per-sonnel of the examination activities,6.4.2 Opening or removing, or both, all necessary cabinetand enclosure covers immediately before examination to pro-vide the infrared thermographer with direct views of theequipment.6.4.3 Ensuring that the equipment to be exam
25、ined is underadequate load, creating satisfactory loads when necessary, andallowing sufficient time for recently energized equipment toproduce stable thermal patterns.6.5 When examining the equipment, the thermographer willcomply with all safety rules, regulations and practices of theend user.6.6 Th
26、e infrared thermographer shall perform examinationswhen the environmental and physical conditions, such as solargain, wind, surface and atmospheric moisture and heat transferare favorable to gathering accurate data.6.7 The infrared thermographer shall document any excep-tions found by recording the
27、data required in 7.2 through 7.2.9or 7.3 through 7.3.6, or all of these.NOTE 1Special care must be exercised when examining surfaceshaving low emissivities (0.5). In these circumstances exceptions may bemore difficult to detect. Also, such surfaces produce reflections that can bemisleading. The infr
28、ared thermographer should be aware of these potentialerror sources and use techniques to minimize them, such as moving theposition of the imager and blocking the surfaces from reflected sources.6.7.1 When requested by the infrared thermographer, thequalified assistant shall measure the loads of elec
29、trical equip-ment.6.8 The qualified assistant shall close or replace, or both, thecabinet and enclosure covers that had been opened or removedin 6.4.2 immediately after examination and documentation bythe infrared thermographer.6.9 The infrared thermographer shall prepare a report for theend user co
30、ntaining the appropriate content listed in Section 7.6.10 The infrared thermographer shall, when requested bythe end user, re-examine each exception after repair to assurethat its operating temperature is normal and the potentialproblem corrected.7. Report7.1 The infrared thermographer shall provide
31、 documenta-tion for all infrared examinations. The following informationshall be included in a report to the end user:7.1.1 The name, affiliation, address, and telephone numberof the infrared thermographer, and his/her certification leveland number, if applicable.7.1.2 The name and address of the en
32、d user,7.1.3 The name(s) of the assistant(s) accompanying theinfrared thermographer during the examination,7.1.4 The manufacturer, model and serial number of theinfrared imaging system used,7.1.5 The inventory list (see 6.2) with notations of the itemsof equipment that were examined and explanations
33、 for theitems not examined. Also, the items with low-emissivitysurfaces (see Note 1) should be identified.7.1.6 The date(s) of the inspection and when the report wasprepared.7.2 When performing a qualitative infrared examination, theinfrared thermographer shall provide the following informationfor e
34、ach exception identified:E 1934 99a (2005)e127.2.1 Its exact location,7.2.2 A description, such as its significant nameplate data,phase or circuit number, rated voltage, current rating and/orrotation speed,7.2.3 The ambient air temperature and, when relevant, thewind speed and direction and the sky
35、conditions at the time ofthe examination,7.2.4 The time the exception was documented,7.2.5 Hardcopies of the thermal image (thermogram) and ofa corresponding visible-light image,7.2.6 The field of view or magnification multiplier of theinfrared imager lens, and any imager settings that could affectt
36、he accuracy, reliability, or repeatability of the inspection data.7.2.7 Notation of any attenuating media, such as windows,filters, atmospheres or external optics,7.2.8 If desired, a subjective repair priority rating providedby the qualified assistant or end user representative, or both,based on the
37、 importance of the exception to the safe andprofitable operation of the facility, and7.2.9 Any other information or special conditions whichmay affect the results, repeatability or interpretation of theexception.7.3 When performing a quantitative infrared examination,the infrared thermographer shall
38、 provide the following addi-tional information for each exception:NOTE 2The purpose of a quantitative infrared inspection is to producetemperature data. If temperature data are not desired or required, then theinfrared thermographer performs a qualitative infrared inspection and doesnot measure or p
39、rovide temperatures.7.3.1 The distance from the infrared camera to the excep-tion,7.3.2 Whenever possible, the maximum rated load of anelectrical system exception and its measured load at the time ofthe examination, and7.3.2.1 The percentage load on the electrical exception,calculated by dividing it
40、s measured load by its rated load andmultiplying by 100,7.3.3 The reflected temperature, emissivity and transmissionvalues used to calculate the temperature(s) of the exception,7.3.4 The temperature of the exception,NOTE 3Actual temperatures of surfaces having low emissivities maydiffer from correct
41、ed radiometric measurements.7.3.5 If requested, the difference between the temperature ofthe exception and the temperature of a defined reference suchas a similar component under similar load, ambient tempera-ture or a standard (see Note 3), and7.3.6 If requested, a comparison of the measured temper
42、a-tures with reference standards, and complete identification ofthese standards, including their sources.8. Keywords8.1 imaging; infrared; infrared examination; infrared in-spection; infrared testing; infrared thermography; nondestruc-tive testing; radiometry; temperature criteria; temperaturemeasur
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46、mmittee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 1934 99a (2005)e13
