1、Designation: E1934 99a (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forExamining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment withInfrared Thermography1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1934; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide lists the responsibilities of the end user andthe infrared thermographer when examining e
3、lectrical andmechanical systems.1.2 This guide outlines the specific content required todocument qualitative and quantitative infrared examinations ofelectrical and mechanical equipment.21.3 This guide may involve use of equipment and materialsin the presence of heated, moving or all of these or ele
4、ctricallyenergized equipment.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations
5、 prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 end userthe person responsible for using the infor-mation provided by an infrared examination.3.1.2 exceptionan abnormally warm or cool connector,conductor or
6、 component.3.1.3 infrared examinationthe use of an infrared imagingsystem to provide thermal data about a structure, system, objector process.3.1.4 inventory lista list of the equipment by the infraredthermographer.3.1.5 qualified assistanta person provided and authorizedby the end user to perform t
7、he tasks required by the infraredthermographer. He/she shall be knowledgeable of the operationand history of the equipment to be examined and of all safetypractices and rules of the end user.3.1.6 qualitative infrared inspectionan infrared examina-tion that provides images of exceptions but not temp
8、eraturedata.3.1.7 quantitative infrared inspectionan infrared examina-tion that provides both images of exceptions and temperaturedata.3.2 See also Terminology E1316.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide can be used by an end user to specify infraredexaminations of electrical and mechanical equipmen
9、t and aninfrared thermographer to perform them.4.2 This guide lists the joint responsibilities of the end userand the infrared thermographer when using infrared thermog-raphy.4.3 The purpose of an infrared examination is to identifyand document exceptions in the end users electrical ormechanical sys
10、tems, or both.4.3.1 In electrical equipment, warm exceptions are usuallycreated by an increase in resistance caused by loose ordeteriorated connections, short circuits, overloads, load imbal-ances or faulty, mismatched or improperly installed compo-nents. Cool exceptions are usually caused by failed
11、 compo-nents.4.3.2 In mechanical equipment, warm exceptions are usu-ally created by friction caused by improper lubrication,misalignment, worn components or mechanical loadinganomalies. Cool exceptions are usually caused by failedcomponents.4.3.3 Exceptions in insulation systems are usually caused b
12、ymissing or deteriorated materials, improper installation orinsufficient amounts of material.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on SpecializedNDT Methods.Current edition approved June 1, 2014.
13、 Published July 2014. Originally approvedin 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E1934 - 99a (2010). DOI:10.1520/E1934-99AR14.2This guide is adapted from the Guideline for Infrared Inspection and Mechani-cal Systems developed by Infraspection Institute, 425 Ellis Street, Burlington, NJ080
14、16.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Bo
15、x C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.4 Providing opinions about the causes of exceptions, theintegrity of the equipment or recommendations for correctiveactions require knowledge and skills beyond those of infraredthermography.4.5 Infrared examinations provide data about equipme
16、nt atthe time of examination only.4.6 Infrared examinations are not remedial.4.7 An infrared examination of electrical and mechanicalequipment does not assure its proper operation. Other tests andproper maintenance are necessary to ensure their reliableperformance.5. Personnel Responsibilities5.1 Th
17、e infrared thermographer shall:5.1.1 Have sufficient knowledge of the components, con-struction and theory of electrical or mechanical equipment, orboth, to understand the observed patterns of radiation,5.1.2 Be knowledgeable of, and comply with, the safetypractices and rules of the end user, and5.1
18、.3 Use an infrared imaging system with imaging orradiometric capabilities, or both, sufficient to meet the exami-nation requirements.5.2 Unless he/she is a licensed electrician, professionalengineer or has other equivalent qualifications, the infraredthermographer:5.2.1 Shall not perform any tasks t
19、hat are normally done bythese personnel. Unless so qualified and authorized by the enduser, the infrared thermographer,5.2.2 Shall not remove or replace covers or open or closecabinets containing electrical or mechanical equipment,5.2.3 Shall not measure electric loads of equipment, and5.2.4 Shall n
20、ot touch any equipment and shall maintain asafe distance from it.5.3 The qualified assistant shall fulfill the responsibilitieslisted in 3.1.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.4 through 6.4.3, 6.7.1, and 6.8.5.4 The end user shall assume full responsibility for conse-quences resulting from actions taken, or not taken,
21、as a resultof data provided by an infrared examination.6. Procedure6.1 The end user shall provide, to accompany the infraredthermographer, a qualified assistant who is knowledgeable ofthe operation and history of the equipment to be examined.6.2 With the assistance of the qualified assistant, the in
22、fra-red thermographer shall develop an inventory list of theequipment to be examined in a logical, efficient and safe routethrough the facility.6.3 The infrared thermographer shall perform a calibrationtest(s), before each quantitative infrared examination, to ensurethat all temperature-measuring eq
23、uipment is within the manu-facturers standard specifications for accuracy.6.4 The qualified assistant shall prepare the equipment forexamination by:6.4.1 Obtaining authorization necessary to gain access tothe equipment to be examined and notifying operations per-sonnel of the examination activities,
24、6.4.2 Opening or removing, or both, all necessary cabinetand enclosure covers immediately before examination to pro-vide the infrared thermographer with direct views of theequipment.6.4.3 Ensuring that the equipment to be examined is underadequate load, creating satisfactory loads when necessary, an
25、dallowing sufficient time for recently energized equipment toproduce stable thermal patterns.6.5 When examining the equipment, the thermographer willcomply with all safety rules, regulations and practices of theend user.6.6 The infrared thermographer shall perform examinationswhen the environmental
26、and physical conditions, such as solargain, wind, surface and atmospheric moisture and heat transferare favorable to gathering accurate data.6.7 The infrared thermographer shall document any excep-tions found by recording the data required in 7.2 through 7.2.9or 7.3 through 7.3.6, or all of these.NO
27、TE 1Special care must be exercised when examining surfaceshaving low emissivities (0.5). In these circumstances exceptions may bemore difficult to detect. Also, such surfaces produce reflections that can bemisleading. The infrared thermographer should be aware of these potentialerror sources and use
28、 techniques to minimize them, such as moving theposition of the imager and blocking the surfaces from reflected sources.6.7.1 When requested by the infrared thermographer, thequalified assistant shall measure the loads of electrical equip-ment.6.8 The qualified assistant shall close or replace, or b
29、oth, thecabinet and enclosure covers that had been opened or removedin 6.4.2 immediately after examination and documentation bythe infrared thermographer.6.9 The infrared thermographer shall prepare a report for theend user containing the appropriate content listed in Section 7.6.10 The infrared the
30、rmographer shall, when requested bythe end user, re-examine each exception after repair to assurethat its operating temperature is normal and the potentialproblem corrected.7. Report7.1 The infrared thermographer shall provide documenta-tion for all infrared examinations. The following informationsh
31、all be included in a report to the end user:7.1.1 The name, affiliation, address, and telephone numberof the infrared thermographer, and his/her certification leveland number, if applicable.7.1.2 The name and address of the end user,7.1.3 The name(s) of the assistant(s) accompanying theinfrared ther
32、mographer during the examination,7.1.4 The manufacturer, model and serial number of theinfrared imaging system used,7.1.5 The inventory list (see 6.2) with notations of the itemsof equipment that were examined and explanations for theitems not examined. Also, the items with low-emissivitysurfaces (s
33、ee Note 1) should be identified.E1934 99a (2014)27.1.6 The date(s) of the inspection and when the report wasprepared.7.2 When performing a qualitative infrared examination, theinfrared thermographer shall provide the following informationfor each exception identified:7.2.1 Its exact location,7.2.2 A
34、 description, such as its significant nameplate data,phase or circuit number, rated voltage, current rating and/orrotation speed,7.2.3 The ambient air temperature and, when relevant, thewind speed and direction and the sky conditions at the time ofthe examination,7.2.4 The time the exception was doc
35、umented,7.2.5 Hardcopies of the thermal image (thermogram) and ofa corresponding visible-light image,7.2.6 The field of view or magnification multiplier of theinfrared imager lens, and any imager settings that could affectthe accuracy, reliability, or repeatability of the inspection data.7.2.7 Notat
36、ion of any attenuating media, such as windows,filters, atmospheres or external optics,7.2.8 If desired, a subjective repair priority rating providedby the qualified assistant or end user representative, or both,based on the importance of the exception to the safe andprofitable operation of the facil
37、ity, and7.2.9 Any other information or special conditions whichmay affect the results, repeatability or interpretation of theexception.7.3 When performing a quantitative infrared examination,the infrared thermographer shall provide the following addi-tional information for each exception:NOTE 2The p
38、urpose of a quantitative infrared inspection is to producetemperature data. If temperature data are not desired or required, then theinfrared thermographer performs a qualitative infrared inspection and doesnot measure or provide temperatures.7.3.1 The distance from the infrared camera to theexcepti
39、on,7.3.2 Whenever possible, the maximum rated load of anelectrical system exception and its measured load at the time ofthe examination, and7.3.2.1 The percentage load on the electrical exception,calculated by dividing its measured load by its rated load andmultiplying by 100,7.3.3 The reflected tem
40、perature, emissivity and transmissionvalues used to calculate the temperature(s) of the exception,7.3.4 The temperature of the exception,NOTE 3Actual temperatures of surfaces having low emissivities maydiffer from corrected radiometric measurements.7.3.5 If requested, the difference between the temp
41、erature ofthe exception and the temperature of a defined reference suchas a similar component under similar load, ambient tempera-ture or a standard (see Note 3), and7.3.6 If requested, a comparison of the measured tempera-tures with reference standards, and complete identification ofthese standards
42、, including their sources.8. Keywords8.1 imaging; infrared; infrared examination; infrared in-spection; infrared testing; infrared thermography; nondestruc-tive testing; radiometry; temperature criteria; temperature mea-surementASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any pate
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44、at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comme
45、nts will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted
46、 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E1934 99a (2014)3
