1、Designation: E 1943 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide forRemediation of Ground Water by Natural Attenuation atPetroleum Release Sites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1943; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide for determining the appropriateness ofremediation by natural attenuation and
3、implementing remedia-tion by natural attenuation at a given petroleum release site,either as a stand alone remedial action or in combination withother remedial actions.1.2 Natural attenuation is a potential remediation alternativefor containment and reduction of the mass and concentration ofpetroleu
4、m hydrocarbons in the environment to protect humanhealth and the environment. Remediation by natural attenua-tion depends upon natural processes such as biodegradation,dispersion, dilution, volatilization, hydrolysis, and sorption toattenuate petroleum constituents of concern to achieve reme-dial go
5、als.NOTE 1Remedial goals must be established through another processas determined by the appropriate regulatory agency.1.3 In general, remediation by natural attenuation shouldnot be considered a presumptive remedy. A determination ofwhether remediation by natural attenuation is appropriate foran in
6、dividual petroleum release site, relative to site-specificremedial goals, requires site characterization, assessment ofpotential risks, evaluation of the need for source area control,and evaluation of potential effectiveness similar to otherremedial action technologies. Application and implementatio
7、nof remediation by natural attenuation requires demonstration ofremedial progress and attainment of remedial goals by use ofconverging lines of evidence obtained through monitoring andevaluation of resulting data. When properly applied to a site,remediation by natural attenuation is a process for ri
8、sk man-agement and achieving remedial goals. Monitoring should beconducted until it has been demonstrated that natural attenua-tion will continue and eventually meet remedial goals.1.3.1 The primary line of evidence for remediation bynatural attenuation is provided by observed reductions inplume geo
9、metry and observed reductions in concentrations ofthe constituents of concern at the site.1.3.2 Secondary lines of evidence for remediation by natu-ral attenuation are provided by geochemical indicators ofnaturally occurring degradation and estimates of attenuationrates.1.3.3 Additional optional lin
10、es of evidence can be providedby microbiological information and further analysis of primaryand secondary lines of evidence such as through solutetransport modeling or estimates of assimilative capacity.1.4 The emphasis in this guide is on the use of remediationby natural attenuation for petroleum h
11、ydrocarbon constituentswhere ground water is impacted. Though soil and ground waterimpacts are often linked, this guide does not address naturalattenuation in soils separate from ground water or in situationswhere soils containing constituents of concern exist without anassociated ground water impac
12、t. Even if natural attenuation isselected as the remedial action for ground water, additionalremedial action may be necessary to address other completedexposure pathways at the site.1.5 This guide does not address enhanced bioremediation orenhanced attenuation.1.6 Also, while much of what is discuss
13、ed is relevant toother organic chemicals or constituents of concern, thesesituations will involve additional considerations not addressedin this guide.1.7 The guide is organized as follows:1.7.1 Section 2 lists referenced documents.1.7.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide.1.7.3 Section
14、 4 describes the significance and use of thisguide.1.7.4 Section 5 provides an overview of the use of naturalattenuation as a remedial action alternative, including;1.7.4.1 Advantages of remediation by natural attenuation asa remedial alternative;1.7.4.2 Limitations of remediation by natural attenua
15、tion asa remedial alternative; and1.7.4.3 Using multiple lines of evidence to demonstrate theappropriateness of remediation by natural remediation.1.7.5 Section 6 describes the decision process for appropri-ate application and implementation of remediation by naturalattenuation including;1.7.5.1 Ini
16、tial response, site characterization, selection ofchemicals of concern, and establishment of remedial goals;1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.04 on PerformanceStandards Related to Environmental R
17、egulatory Programs.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004.Originally approvedin 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 1943-98.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.7.5.2 Evaluation of plume
18、status;1.7.5.3 Collection and evaluation of additional data;1.7.5.4 Comparing remediation by natural attenuation per-formance to remedial goals;1.7.5.5 Comparing remediation by natural attenuation toother remedial options;1.7.5.6 Implementation of a continued monitoring program;1.7.5.7 Evaluation of
19、 progress of remediation by naturalattenuation; and1.7.5.8 No further action.1.7.6 Section 7 lists keywords relevant to this guide.1.7.7 Appendix X1 describes natural attenuation processes;1.7.8 Appendix X2 describes site characterization require-ments for evaluating remediation by natural attenuati
20、on;1.7.9 Appendix X3 describes considerations for designingand implementing monitoring for remediation by natural at-tenuation;1.7.10 Appendix X4 describes sampling considerations andanalytical methods for determining indicator parameters forremediation by natural attenuation;1.7.11 Appendix X5 desc
21、ribes the interpretation of differentlines of evidence as indicators of natural attenuation;1.7.12 Appendix X6 describes methods for evaluation andquantification of natural attenuation rates; and1.7.13 Appendix X7 describes example problems illustrat-ing the application and implementation of remedia
22、tion bynatural attenuation.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of any regulatory limitatio
23、ns prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in WaterD 1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Re-sistivity of WaterD 1293 Test Methods for ph of WaterD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1498 Practice fo
24、r Oxidation-Reduction Potential of WaterD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer-Test Method inDetermining of Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD 4044 Test Method (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousChange in Head (Slug) Tests
25、 for Determining HydraulicProperties of Aquifer SystemsD 4050 Test Method (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal andInjection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Propertiesof Aquifer SystemsD 4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers byOverdampe
26、d Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug Tests)D 4105 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of NonleakyConfined Aquifers by the Modified Theis NonequilibriumMethodD 4106 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivit
27、y and Storage Coefficient of NonleakyConfined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium MethodD 4372 Specification for Flame-Resistant Materials Used inCamping TentageD 4448 Guide for Sampling Groundwater Monitoring WellsD 4658 Test Method for Sulfide Ion in WaterD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling From the V
28、adose ZoneD 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)D 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring Wells in AquifersD 5269 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity ofNonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Re
29、coveryMethodD 5270 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, ConfinedAqui-fersD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and RockD 5473 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure For) Ana-lyzing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Co
30、ntrol Welland Determining the Horizontal and Vertical HydraulicConductivity in a Nonleaky Confined AquiferE 1599 Guide for Corrective Action for Petroleum ReleasesE 1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models forContaminated SitesE 1739 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied atPetroleum
31、 Release SitesE 1912 Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization forConfirmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 assimilative capacitya semi-quantitative estimate ofthe potential mass of hydrocarbons per unit volume of groundwater th
32、at can be metabolized by aerobic and anaerobicbiodegradation under existing site conditions.3.1.2 attenuation ratemeasured reduction in concentra-tion or mass of a compound with time or distance expressed asan amount of reduction per unit time or per unit distance.3.1.3 conceptual site modela writte
33、n or pictorial represen-tation of an environmental system and the biological, physical,and chemical processes that determine the transport of con-stituents of concern from sources through environmental mediato environmental receptors within the system.3.1.4 constituents of concernspecific petroleum
34、constitu-ents that are identified as posing a potential risk to humanhealth or the environment.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Documen
35、t Summary page onthe ASTM website.E 1943 98 (2004)23.1.5 corrective actionactions taken to identify and cleanup a release of petroleum. These activities include site assess-ment, interim remedial action, remedial action, operation andmaintenance of equipment, monitoring of progress, and termi-nation
36、 of the remedial action.3.1.6 electron acceptorselements or compounds that arereduced by receiving electrons produced by the oxidation oforganic compounds through microbial metabolism or abioticchemical oxidation processes.3.1.7 expanding plumeconfiguration where the soluteplume margin is continuing
37、 to move outward or down gradientfrom the source area.3.1.8 institutional controlsthe restriction on use or access(for example, fences, deed restrictions, restrictive zoning) to asite or facility to eliminate or minimize potential exposure to aconstituent(s) of concern.3.1.9 monitoring pointsa monit
38、oring well or other moni-toring device placed in a selected location for observingparameters such as liquid levels or pressure changes, or forcollecting liquid samples. The monitoring point may be casedor uncased, but if cased the casing should have openings toallow flow of borehole liquid into or o
39、ut of the casing(modified from Test Method D 4750).3.1.10 natural attenuationreduction in mass or concen-tration of a compound in ground water over time or distancefrom the source of constituents of concern due to naturallyoccurring physical, chemical, and biological processes, suchas; biodegradatio
40、n, dispersion, dilution, sorption, and volatil-ization.3.1.11 optional lines of evidencesolute transport model-ing, estimates of assimilative capacity (to estimate the mass ofBTEX and other constituents of concern degraded), andmicrobiological studies.3.1.12 plumevolume of ground water where constit
41、uentsof concern are present.3.1.13 point of compliancea location(s) selected betweenthe source area(s) and potential point(s) of exposure whereconcentrations of constituents of concern must be at or belowthe determined ground water target levels.3.1.14 primary lines of evidencehistorical concentrati
42、ondata are the primary line of evidence for natural attenuation andare based on measured petroleum hydrocarbon constituentconcentrations over time to define the plume as shrinking,stable, or expanding similar to the first line of evidencesuggested by NRC (1993).33.1.15 receptorpersons, structures, u
43、tilities, ecological re-ceptors, and water supply wells that are or may be adverselyaffected by a release.3.1.16 remedial goalsremediation objectives establishedto protect human health and the environment. Remedial goalsmay be concentration-based target levels applied at specificpoints throughout th
44、e plume or performance-based criteria,such as demonstrated containment of the solute plume ordemonstrated reduction in concentrations of constituents ofconcern over time within the plume or with distance from thesource area.3.1.17 remediation/remedial actionactivities conducted toprotect human healt
45、h, safety, and the environment. Theseactivities include evaluating risk, making no further actiondeterminations, monitoring, and designing and operatingcleanup equipment.3.1.18 remediation by natural attenuationa remedy wherenaturally occurring physical, chemical, and biological pro-cesses will achi
46、eve remedial goals. The use of natural attenu-ation processes as a remedial action also has been described bya variety of other terms, such as intrinsic remediation, intrinsicbioremediation, passive remediation, natural biodegradation,passive bioremediation, etc. Remediation by natural attenua-tion
47、does not include remediation methods that require humanintervention beyond monitoring.3.1.19 secondary lines of evidencegeochemical indicatorsof naturally occurring biodegradation and estimates of naturalattenuation rate.3.1.20 sentinel wellmonitoring points established at alocation(s) between the l
48、eading edge of the solute plume and asensitive receptor (for example, drinking water well) to ensurethat there will be time for other remedial actions to be taken, ifthe plume does migrate beyond predicted boundaries.3.1.21 shrinking plumeconfiguration where the soluteplume margin is receding back t
49、oward the source area overtime and the concentrations at points within the plume aredecreasing over time.3.1.22 source areathe location of free phase liquid hydro-carbons or the location of highest soil and ground waterconcentrations of constituents of concern.3.1.23 stable plumeconfiguration where the solute plumemargin is stationary over time and concentrations at pointswithin the plume are relatively uniform over time or maydecrease over time.3.1.24 useran individual or group involved in the correc-tive action process at petroleum release sites, which mayinc
