1、Designation: E1943 98 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Guide forRemediation of Ground Water by Natural Attenuation atPetroleum Release Sites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1943; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide for determining the appropriateness ofremediation by natural attenuation and imp
3、lementing remedia-tion by natural attenuation at a given petroleum release site,either as a stand alone remedial action or in combination withother remedial actions.1.2 Natural attenuation is a potential remediation alternativefor containment and reduction of the mass and concentration ofpetroleum h
4、ydrocarbons in the environment to protect humanhealth and the environment. Remediation by natural attenua-tion depends upon natural processes such as biodegradation,dispersion, dilution, volatilization, hydrolysis, and sorption toattenuate petroleum constituents of concern to achieve reme-dial goals
5、.NOTE 1Remedial goals must be established through another processas determined by the appropriate regulatory agency.1.3 In general, remediation by natural attenuation shouldnot be considered a presumptive remedy. A determination ofwhether remediation by natural attenuation is appropriate foran indiv
6、idual petroleum release site, relative to site-specificremedial goals, requires site characterization, assessment ofpotential risks, evaluation of the need for source area control,and evaluation of potential effectiveness similar to otherremedial action technologies. Application and implementationof
7、 remediation by natural attenuation requires demonstration ofremedial progress and attainment of remedial goals by use ofconverging lines of evidence obtained through monitoring andevaluation of resulting data. When properly applied to a site,remediation by natural attenuation is a process for risk
8、man-agement and achieving remedial goals. Monitoring should beconducted until it has been demonstrated that natural attenua-tion will continue and eventually meet remedial goals.1.3.1 The primary line of evidence for remediation bynatural attenuation is provided by observed reductions inplume geomet
9、ry and observed reductions in concentrations ofthe constituents of concern at the site.1.3.2 Secondary lines of evidence for remediation by natu-ral attenuation are provided by geochemical indicators ofnaturally occurring degradation and estimates of attenuationrates.1.3.3 Additional optional lines
10、of evidence can be providedby microbiological information and further analysis of primaryand secondary lines of evidence such as through solutetransport modeling or estimates of assimilative capacity.1.4 The emphasis in this guide is on the use of remediationby natural attenuation for petroleum hydr
11、ocarbon constituentswhere ground water is impacted. Though soil and ground waterimpacts are often linked, this guide does not address naturalattenuation in soils separate from ground water or in situationswhere soils containing constituents of concern exist without anassociated ground water impact.
12、Even if natural attenuation isselected as the remedial action for ground water, additionalremedial action may be necessary to address other completedexposure pathways at the site.1.5 This guide does not address enhanced bioremediation orenhanced attenuation.1.6 Also, while much of what is discussed
13、is relevant toother organic chemicals or constituents of concern, thesesituations will involve additional considerations not addressedin this guide.1.7 The guide is organized as follows:1.7.1 Section 2 lists referenced documents.1.7.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide.1.7.3 Section 4
14、describes the significance and use of thisguide.1.7.4 Section 5 provides an overview of the use of naturalattenuation as a remedial action alternative, including;1.7.4.1 Advantages of remediation by natural attenuation asa remedial alternative;1.7.4.2 Limitations of remediation by natural attenuatio
15、n asa remedial alternative; and1.7.4.3 Using multiple lines of evidence to demonstrate theappropriateness of remediation by natural remediation.1.7.5 Section 6 describes the decision process for appropri-ate application and implementation of remediation by naturalattenuation including;1This guide is
16、 under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edit
17、ion approved in 2004 as E194398 (2004).DOI: 10.1520/E1943-98R10.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.7.5.1 Initial response, site characterization, selection ofchemicals of concern, and establishment of remedial goals;1.
18、7.5.2 Evaluation of plume status;1.7.5.3 Collection and evaluation of additional data;1.7.5.4 Comparing remediation by natural attenuation per-formance to remedial goals;1.7.5.5 Comparing remediation by natural attenuation toother remedial options;1.7.5.6 Implementation of a continued monitoring pro
19、gram;1.7.5.7 Evaluation of progress of remediation by naturalattenuation; and1.7.5.8 No further action.1.7.6 Section 7 lists keywords relevant to this guide.1.7.7 Appendix X1 describes natural attenuation processes;1.7.8 Appendix X2 describes site characterization require-ments for evaluating remedi
20、ation by natural attenuation;1.7.9 Appendix X3 describes considerations for designingand implementing monitoring for remediation by natural at-tenuation;1.7.10 Appendix X4 describes sampling considerations andanalytical methods for determining indicator parameters forremediation by natural attenuati
21、on;1.7.11 Appendix X5 describes the interpretation of differentlines of evidence as indicators of natural attenuation;1.7.12 Appendix X6 describes methods for evaluation andquantification of natural attenuation rates; and1.7.13 Appendix X7 describes example problems illustrat-ing the application and
22、 implementation of remediation bynatural attenuation.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility o
23、f any regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in WaterD1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-tivity of WaterD1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAugerBoring
24、sD1498 Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential ofWaterD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method inDetermining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousCh
25、ange in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining HydraulicProperties of AquifersD4050 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawaland Injection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Prop-erties of Aquifer SystemsD4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for DeterminingTransmissivity of Nonleaky Confined
26、Aquifers by Over-damped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head(Slug Tests)D4105 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequi-librium MethodD4106 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure
27、) for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis NonequilibriumMethodD4372 Specification for Flame-Resistant Materials Used inCamping Tentage3D4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water MonitoringWellsD4658 Test Method for Sulfide Ion in WaterD4700 Guid
28、e for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)3D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground WaterMonitoring WellsD5269 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity ofNonleaky Confined Aquifers
29、 by the Theis RecoveryMethodD5270 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, ConfinedAqui-fersD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and RockD5473 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure for) Analyz-ing the Effects of Partial Penetr
30、ation of Control Well andDetermining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Con-ductivity in a Nonleaky Confined AquiferE1599 Guide for CorrectiveAction for Petroleum Releases3E1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models forContaminated SitesE1739 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied a
31、tPetroleum Release SitesE1912 Guide forAccelerated Site Characterization for Con-firmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 assimilative capacitya semi-quantitative estimate ofthe potential mass of hydrocarbons per unit volume of grou
32、ndwater that can be metabolized by aerobic and anaerobicbiodegradation under existing site conditions.3.1.2 attenuation ratemeasured reduction in concentra-tion or mass of a compound with time or distance expressed asan amount of reduction per unit time or per unit distance.3.1.3 conceptual site mod
33、ela written or pictorial represen-tation of an environmental system and the biological, physical,2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docum
34、ent Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.E1943 98 (2010)2and chemical processes that determine the transport of con-stituents of concern from sources through environmental mediato environmental receptors within
35、 the system.3.1.4 constituents of concernspecific petroleum constitu-ents that are identified as posing a potential risk to humanhealth or the environment.3.1.5 corrective actionactions taken to identify and cleanup a release of petroleum. These activities include site assess-ment, interim remedial
36、action, remedial action, operation andmaintenance of equipment, monitoring of progress, and termi-nation of the remedial action.3.1.6 electron acceptorselements or compounds that arereduced by receiving electrons produced by the oxidation oforganic compounds through microbial metabolism or abioticch
37、emical oxidation processes.3.1.7 expanding plumeconfiguration where the soluteplume margin is continuing to move outward or down gradientfrom the source area.3.1.8 institutional controlsthe restriction on use or access(for example, fences, deed restrictions, restrictive zoning) to asite or facility
38、to eliminate or minimize potential exposure to aconstituent(s) of concern.3.1.9 monitoring pointsa monitoring well or other moni-toring device placed in a selected location for observingparameters such as liquid levels or pressure changes, or forcollecting liquid samples. The monitoring point may be
39、 casedor uncased, but if cased the casing should have openings toallow flow of borehole liquid into or out of the casing(modified from Test Method D4750).3.1.10 natural attenuationreduction in mass or concen-tration of a compound in ground water over time or distancefrom the source of constituents o
40、f concern due to naturallyoccurring physical, chemical, and biological processes, suchas; biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, sorption, and volatil-ization.3.1.11 optional lines of evidencesolute transport model-ing, estimates of assimilative capacity (to estimate the mass ofBTEX and other constit
41、uents of concern degraded), andmicrobiological studies.3.1.12 plumevolume of ground water where constituentsof concern are present.3.1.13 point of compliancea location(s) selected betweenthe source area(s) and potential point(s) of exposure whereconcentrations of constituents of concern must be at o
42、r belowthe determined ground water target levels.3.1.14 primary lines of evidencehistorical concentrationdata are the primary line of evidence for natural attenuation andare based on measured petroleum hydrocarbon constituentconcentrations over time to define the plume as shrinking,stable, or expand
43、ing similar to the first line of evidencesuggested by NRC (1993).43.1.15 receptorpersons, structures, utilities, ecological re-ceptors, and water supply wells that are or may be adverselyaffected by a release.3.1.16 remedial goalsremediation objectives establishedto protect human health and the envi
44、ronment. Remedial goalsmay be concentration-based target levels applied at specificpoints throughout the plume or performance-based criteria,such as demonstrated containment of the solute plume ordemonstrated reduction in concentrations of constituents ofconcern over time within the plume or with di
45、stance from thesource area.3.1.17 remediation/remedial actionactivities conducted toprotect human health, safety, and the environment. Theseactivities include evaluating risk, making no further actiondeterminations, monitoring, and designing and operatingcleanup equipment.3.1.18 remediation by natur
46、al attenuationa remedy wherenaturally occurring physical, chemical, and biological pro-cesses will achieve remedial goals. The use of natural attenu-ation processes as a remedial action also has been described bya variety of other terms, such as intrinsic remediation, intrinsicbioremediation, passiv
47、e remediation, natural biodegradation,passive bioremediation, etc. Remediation by natural attenua-tion does not include remediation methods that require humanintervention beyond monitoring.3.1.19 secondary lines of evidencegeochemical indicatorsof naturally occurring biodegradation and estimates of
48、naturalattenuation rate.3.1.20 sentinel wellmonitoring points established at alocation(s) between the leading edge of the solute plume and asensitive receptor (for example, drinking water well) to ensurethat there will be time for other remedial actions to be taken, ifthe plume does migrate beyond p
49、redicted boundaries.3.1.21 shrinking plumeconfiguration where the soluteplume margin is receding back toward the source area overtime and the concentrations at points within the plume aredecreasing over time.3.1.22 source areathe location of free phase liquid hydro-carbons or the location of highest soil and ground waterconcentrations of constituents of concern.3.1.23 stable plumeconfiguration where the solute plumemargin is stationary over time and concentrations at pointswithin the plume are relatively uniform over time or maydecrease over time.3.1.24 usera
