1、Designation: E 1972 04An American National StandardStandard Practice forMinimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal RemovalEnvironment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1972; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for minimizing effectsof aerosols in the wet metal re
3、moval environment.1.2 This practice incorporates all practical means andmechanisms to minimize aerosol generation and to controleffects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4、responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresE 1302 Guide for Acut
5、e Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE 1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker andWorkplace ProtectionE 1497 Practice for Safe Use of Water-Miscible Metalwork-ing FluidsE 1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health andSafetyE 2144 Practice for Personal Sampli
6、ng and Analysis ofEndotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE 2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalwork-ing or Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyE 2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE 2250 Method for Det
7、ermination of Endotoxin Concentra-tion in Water Miscible Metal Working FluidsPS 42 Provisional Test Method for Metal Removal FluidAerosol in Workplace Atmospheres2.2 OSHA (US Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-tration) Standards:329 CFR 1910.134 Use of Respiratory in the Workplace29 CFR 1910.120
8、0 Hazard Communication2.3 Other Documents:ANSI Technical Report B11 TR 21997, Mist ControlConsiderations for the Design, Installation and Use ofMachine Tools Using Metalworking Fluids4Metal Working Fluid Optimization Guide, National Centerfor Manufacturing Sciences5Metal Removal Fluids, A Guide To T
9、heir Management andControl, Organization Resources Counselors, Inc.6Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Prac-tice.7Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Expo-sure to Metalworking Fluids8Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best PracticesManual93. Terminology3.1 For definiti
10、ons and terms relating to this guide, refer toTerminology D 1356 and E 1542.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dilution ventilation, nreferring to the supply andexhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or building, the1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
11、 E34 on OccupationalHealth and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Healthand Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 1972 - 98.2For refe
12、renced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government P
13、rintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.4Available from Association for Manufacturing Technology, 7901 WestparkDrive, McLean VA 22102.5Available from National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, Report0274RE95, 3025 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, MI 48018.6Available from Organization Resources Counselors, 1910 Su
14、nderland Place,NW., Washington, DC 20036 or from members of the Metal Working Fluid ProductStewardship Group (MWFPSGSM). Contact Independent Lubricant ManufacturersAssociation, 651 S. Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, for a list of membersof the MWFPSGSM.7Available from American Conference of
15、 Governmental Industrial Hygienists,1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.8Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.9Availa
16、ble from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States
17、.dilution of contaminated air with uncontaminated air for thepurpose of controlling potential health hazards, fire and explo-sion conditions, odors, and nuisance type contaminants, fromIndustrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.3.2.2 extractable mass, nthe material removed by liquidext
18、raction of the sampling filter using a mixed-polarity solventmixture as described in Test Method PS 42.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThis mass is an approximation of themetal removal fluid portion of the workplace aerosol.3.2.3 metal removal fluids, nthe subset of metalworkingfluids that are used for wet machin
19、ing or grinding to producethe finished part.3.2.3.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluids addressed by thisguide include straight or neat oils, not intended for furtherdilution with water, and soluble oils, semisynthetics, andsynthetics, all of which are intended to be diluted with waterbefore use.3.2.4 me
20、tal removal fluid aerosol, nAerosol generated byoperation of the machine tool itself as well as from circulationand filtration systems associated with wet metal removaloperations and may include airborne contaminants of a micro-bial origin.3.2.4.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluid aerosol does notinclud
21、e background aerosol in the workplace atmosphere,which may include suspended insoluble particulate.3.2.5 total particulate matter, nthe mass of materialsampled through the 4-mm inlet of a standard 37-mm filtercassette when operated at 2.0 L/min, as described in TestMethod PS 42.3.2.5.1 DiscussionAs
22、defined in Test Method PS 42, totalparticulate matter is not a measure of the inhalable or thoracicparticulate mass.4. Significance and Use4.1 Use of this practice will minimize occupational expo-sure to aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.2 Excessive exposures to metal removal fluid aer
23、osols areassociated with machinist complaints of respiratory irritation.4.3 Through implementation of this practice and incorpora-tion of a metal removal fluid management program, appropri-ate product selection, appropriate machine tool design, selec-tion, and maintenance, and control of microorgani
24、sms, usersshould be able to minimize complaints of machinist respiratoryirritation.5. Metal Removal Fluid Management5.1 Management of metal removal processes is the mostimportant step in minimizing exposure to metal removal fluidaerosols. As factors affecting aerosol generation are interde-pendent,
25、a systems approach to metal removal process man-agement will be the most effective approach.5.2 Aerosolization of metal removal fluids may result inairborne exposure not only to the formulated components ofthe fluid, but also to contaminants introduced into the fluidsystems while in use, including m
26、icrobial contaminants.5.3 Establish a metal removal fluid control program. Addi-tional detailed guidance may be found in Practice E 1497 andin Metal Removal Fluids, A Guide To Their Management andControl. Consult with your metal removal fluid suppliers.6. Product Selection6.1 Fluids vary in their mi
27、sting characteristics. Select fluidswith an understanding of their misting characteristics, bearingin mind available engineering control measures. Some fluidsmist less, other factors being equal. Misting characteristics maychange significantly with contamination. Some fluids retainentrained air, cau
28、sing a significant increase in mist generation,possibly in areas away from the metal removal fluid operation.Polymeric additives may be useful in reducing aerosol fromstraight or neat oils and some water-miscible metal removalfluids. Components or contaminants may be more concentratedin the aerosol
29、phase relative to their concentrations in the bulkfluid.6.2 Practice E 1497 and Metal Removal Fluids, A Guide ToTheir Management and Control describe product selectioncriteria. While specifically directed towards water-misciblemetalworking fluids, the same principles generally apply toselection of n
30、eat or straight metal removal fluids.6.3 Select fluids with an understanding of their acute andchronic toxicity characteristics. Guide E 1302 references pro-cedures to assess the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal-working fluids as manufactured. Review the material safetydata sheet, required by
31、29 CFR 1910.1200, for health andsafety information for the metal removal fluids being consid-ered for the operation.6.4 With due consideration for available engineering con-trols, select fluids that minimize components that may beirritating or may produce objectionable odors.6.5 As the concentration
32、 of metal removal fluid in themachining system sump or reservoir increases, the level ofchemicals in the metal removal fluid aerosol increases and thenet exposure is greater. Maintaining proper metal removal fluidconcentration while in use enhances machining performanceand minimizes exposure potenti
33、al.7. Machine Tool Design, Selection, and Maintenance7.1 ANSI B-11 TR 2-1997 provides guidance concerningconsideration for the design of metalworking fluid deliverysystems, of machine tools, of machine enclosures for thecontrol of airborne contaminants, of exhaust ductwork frommachine tool enclosure
34、s, and of mist collectors, and guidelinesfor testing collection systems. Users of this practice should bewell-versed in these considerations and implement them whenpractical where occupational exposures to metal removal fluidsis expected to occur.7.2 Design metal removal fluid delivery systems to mi
35、ni-mize generation of metal removal fluid aerosols. For transferline machines, as the earliest operation in the line is often theheaviest cut, early operations may contribute most to metalremoval fluid aerosol generation.7.3 Maintain metalworking fluid delivery system compo-nents, including pumps. L
36、eaking seal packing, leaking me-chanical seals, and leaking ports in delivery pumps entrain airin the metal removal fluid, significantly increasing aerosolgeneration.7.4 Cover flumes and other sources of aerosol generation.Vent them to the metal removal fluid reservoir, if feasible, tominimize relea
37、se of aerosol or to maintain negative pressure.E19720427.5 Select new machining and grinding equipment withenclosures and appropriate ventilation that minimizes genera-tion of metal removal fluid aerosols in the workplace atmo-sphere.7.6 Maintain existing equipment enclosures and guarding tominimize
38、 release of aerosol. Restore missing equipment andenclosures. If enclosures are not maintained or guarding isremoved, larger particles may escape through openings in theenclosure.7.7 Retrofitting existing equipment should be consideredusing ANSI B-11 TR 2-1997 as a guide. Unless properlydesigned and
39、 constructed, retrofits may not significantly cap-ture metal removal fluid aerosols.7.8 Properly design and maintain exhaust ductwork frommachine tool enclosures. ANSI B 11 TR 2-1997 may be usedas a guide. Inspect and clean ductwork regularly, and repairductwork not in good working order.7.9 Properl
40、y design and maintain mist collectors, ANSI B11 TR 21997 may be used as a guide. Other technologies maybe appropriate. Poorly maintained mist collectors may increasemetal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in workplace atmo-spheres. Check air cleaner filters and clean or replace asappropriate. Do
41、not allow collected aerosol to drain back intothe fluid system.7.10 Measure exhaust airflow and compare to design speci-fication. Make adjustments or repairs as appropriate.7.11 Evaluate each workplace location in terms of thenumber of machine tools in a given area, the types ofoperations performed,
42、 existing ventilation patterns, ceilingheight, and ultimate disposition of the collected mist.8. Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol Exposure8.1 Metal removal fluid aerosols consist of a broad range ofparticle sizes. Smaller particles are more easily captured bymachine tool ventilation exhaust, but may pass
43、 through an aircleaner. Larger aerosol particles are more likely to be con-trolled by enclosures. Controlling metal removal fluid emis-sions on one machine will not affect background aerosol orother aerosol generated by other work stations; all machinetools need to be considered together.8.2 Test Me
44、thod PS 42 covers a procedure for the determi-nation of both total particulate matter and extractable massmetal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in a range from 0.05to 5 mg/m3in workplace atmospheres. Guidance on workplacesampling strategies can be found in Guide E 1370.8.3 Minimize extractable
45、mass concentration. The amountand average particle size of aerosol generated is dependent onthe amount of energy imparted to the fluid. Energy may beimparted to the fluid through high pressure spray application,high speed tools, parts or machines, and any other activity thatcauses the bulk fluid to
46、generate a mist of liquid droplets. Thetransfer of energy from the machine to the fluid can be reducedby several means. Combined means may also be required.8.3.1 In addition to product selection, proper maintenanceof metal removal fluid sump concentration, and the design,selection, and maintenance c
47、haracteristics noted earlier in thissection, excessive generation of metal removal fluid aerosolcan be affected by parameters, such as compressed air blowoffsand higher than optimum fluid flow rates, pressures, and toolfeeds and speeds.8.3.2 Optimize machine tool feeds and speeds consistentwith part
48、 finish, dimension, and productivity requirements.Excessively high speeds and feeds increase the amount ofaerosol generated.8.3.3 Minimize fluid flow rates consistent with desired partfinish and dimension and movement of generated chips orswarf. If feasible, reduce or temporarily interrupt fluid flo
49、wwhen the metal removal operation is not occurring. Higher-than-required flow rates increase aerosol generation.8.3.4 Reduce fluid pressure consistent with machine tooldesign and chip removal requirements. Use flooding instead ofspray application, whenever possible.8.3.5 Consider the geometry of fluid application. Minimizethe number of directional changes the fluid must make beforereaching the cutting zone.8.3.6 Control sources of nonmetal removal fluid mists, suchas from parts washers or mist lube systems.8.4 Insoluble Particulate Matter:8.4.1 The difference between total p
