1、Designation: E 1996 081Standard Specification forPerformance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors andImpact Protective Systems Impacted by Windborne Debrisin Hurricanes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、r oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial corrections were made to Fig. A4.1 in August 2008.1.
3、 Scope1.1 This specification covers exterior windows, glazed cur-tain walls, doors and impact protective systems used inbuildings located in geographic regions that are prone tohurricanes.1.2 This specification provides the information required toconduct Test Method E 1886.1.3 Qualification under th
4、is specification provides a basisfor judgment of the ability of applicable elements of thebuilding envelope to remain unbreached during a hurricane;thereby minimizing the damaging effects of hurricanes on thebuilding interior and reducing the magnitude of internalpressurization. While this standard
5、was developed for hurri-canes, it may be used for other types of similar windstormscapable of generating windborne debris.1.4 This specification provides a uniform set of guidelinesbased upon currently available information and research.2Asnew information and research becomes available it will becon
6、sidered.1.5 All values are stated in SI units and are to be regardedas standard. Values given in parentheses are for informationonly. Where certain values contained in reference documentscited and quoted herein are stated in inch-pound units theymust be converted by the user.1.6 The following precau
7、tionary statement pertains only tothe test method portion, Section 5, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices a
8、nd determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 719 Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elasto-meric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement (HockmanCycle)C 1135 Test Method for Determining Tensile AdhesionProperties of Structural
9、 SealantsD 3575 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials MadeFrom Olefin PolymersE 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 1886 Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective SystemsImpacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic PressureDifferentials
10、2.2 ASCE Standard:4ASCE 7 American Society of Civil Engineers MinimumDesign Loads for Buildings and Other Structures2.3 Other Standards:5International Residential Code 20003. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 General terms used in this specification are defined inTerminology E 631.3.1.2 Terms common
11、to this specification and Test MethodE 1886 are defined in Test Method E 1886, unless definedherein.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 assembly elevationvertical dimension above adja-cent mean ground level at which fenestration or impact1This specification is under the jurisdic
12、tion of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as
13、 E 1996 06.2See the Significance and Use Section of Test Method E 1886.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AST
14、M website.4Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.5Available from International Code Council (ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW,6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001-2070, http:/www.iccsafe.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100
15、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.protective system assembly is to be installed, measured to thelowest point of the assembly.3.2.2 basic wind speedthree-second gust speeds as de-fined in the latest edition of ASCE 7.3.2.3 combination mulliona horizontal
16、or vertical mem-ber formed by joining two or more individual fenestration unitstogether without a mullion stiffener.3.2.4 impact protective systemconstruction applied, at-tached, or locked over an exterior glazed opening system toprotect that system from windborne debris during high windevents.3.2.4
17、.1 DiscussionImpact protective systems includetypes that are fixed, operable, or removable.3.2.5 infillglazing in a fenestration assembly or curtainwall.3.2.6 integral mulliona horizontal or vertical memberwhich is bounded at both ends by crossing frame members.3.2.7 maximum deflectionGreatest defor
18、mation of an ele-ment or component under the application of an applied force.3.2.8 maximum dynamic deflectiongreatest deformationof an element or component during the missile impact.3.2.9 meeting rail or check railone of the two horizontalmembers of a sliding sash that come together when in theclose
19、d position.3.2.10 meeting stileone of the two vertical members of asliding sash that come together when in the closed position.3.2.11 porous impact protective systeman assemblywhose aggregate open area exceeds ten percent of its projectedsurface area.3.2.12 valleya pivoting axis of an impact protect
20、ivesystem designed to rotate adjacent slats or panels outward.4. Test Specimens4.1 Number of Test Specimens:4.1.1 Fenestration Assemblies:4.1.1.1 Three test specimens shall be submitted for the largemissile test.4.1.1.2 Three test specimens shall be submitted for the smallmissile test.4.1.1.3 One ad
21、ditional test specimen may be submitted foreach of the tests should no more than one of the original threespecimens fail any portion of the testing.4.1.2 Impact Protective Systems:4.1.2.1 A minimum of three test specimens shall be submit-ted for the large missile test for the largest span to be qual
22、ified.4.1.2.2 A minimum of three test specimens shall be submit-ted for the small missile test.4.1.2.3 One additional test specimen may be submitted foreach of the tests should no more than one of the originalspecimens fail any portion of the testing.4.1.2.4 For systems with more than two track or m
23、ountingconditions, one test specimen shall be submitted for eachadditional combination of track or mounting condition if testedin accordance with 5.3.3.8.4.2 Test specimens shall be prepared as specified in TestMethod E 1886.4.3 The size of the test specimen shall be determined by thespecifying auth
24、ority. All components of each test specimenshall be full size.4.4 Where it is impractical to test the entire fenestrationassembly such as curtain wall and heavy commercial assem-blies, test the largest size of each type of panel as required bythe specifying authority to qualify the entire assembly.4
25、.5 Fenestration assemblies and impact protective systemsintended to be mulled together shall be tested separately ortested by combining three specimens into one mounting frameseparated only by the mullions.5. Test Methods5.1 Test specimens shall be tested according to Test MethodE 1886.5.2 Determine
26、 the missile based upon building classifica-tion, wind speed and assembly elevation according to Section6.5.3 Location of Impact:5.3.1 Large Missile TestImpact each impact protectivesystem specimen and each fenestration assembly infill typeonce as shown in Fig. 1, except for additional impacts speci
27、fiedin 5.3.2 and in 5.3.3.8.5.3.1.1 Impact one specimen with the center of the missilewithin a 65-mm (212-in.) radius circle and with the center ofthe circle located at the center of each type of infill.5.3.1.2 Impact a different specimen with the center of themissile within a 65-mm (212-in.) radius
28、 circle and with thecenter of the circle located 150 mm (6 in.) from supportingmembers at a corner.5.3.1.3 Impact the remaining specimen with the center ofthe missile within a 65-mm (212-in.) radius circle and with thecenter of the circle located 150 mm (6 in.) from supportingmembers at a diagonally
29、 opposite corner.5.3.2 Additional Impact Locations in Wind Zone 4(See Fig. 1):5.3.2.1 Impact the same specimen specified in 5.3.1.1 asecond time with the center of the second missile within a65-mm (212-in.) radius circle and with the center of the circlelocated 150 mm (6 in.) from supporting member
30、at a corner.5.3.2.2 Impact the same specimen specified in 5.3.1.2 asecond time with the center of the second missile within a65-mm (212-in.) radius circle and with the center of the circlelocated at the center of each type of infill.5.3.2.3 Impact the same specimen specified in 5.3.1.3 asecond time
31、with the center of the second missile within aNOTE 1The white circles denote first impact and the black circlesdenote second impact.FIG. 1 Impact Location for Large Missile Test (Each Type of Infill)E1996081265-mm (212-in.) radius circle and with the center of the circlelocated at the center of each
32、 type of infill except as specified in5.3.3.6.5.3.2.4 For test specimens with bracing at the specifiedimpact location(s), the impact location(s) shall be relocated tothe nearest area with no bracing.5.3.3 Special Considerations:5.3.3.1 For test specimens containing multiple panels, im-pact the exter
33、ior glazing surface innermost from the exteriorplane of the fenestration assembly or impact protective systempanel innermost from the exterior.5.3.3.2 For test specimens containing fixed and operablepanels of the same type of infill, impact the operable portion.5.3.3.3 For operable test specimens, a
34、 corner impact loca-tion shall be nearest a locking device and the other cornerimpact location shall be at a corner diagonally opposite.5.3.3.4 For test specimens with bracing at the specifiedimpact location(s), the impact location(s) shall be relocated tothe nearest area with no bracing.5.3.3.5 The
35、 impacts on accordion impact protective systemsshall be at the valleys located closest to the impact locationsshown in Fig. 1.5.3.3.6 In Wind Zone 4, impact the integral mullion andother intermediate members such as a meeting rail, check rail,or meeting stile mid-span in lieu of the impact specified
36、 in5.3.2.3 if applicable. (See Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4.)5.3.3.7 In Wind Zone 4, for each type of mullion impact onevertical or horizontal combination mullion with the longestspan at mid span in addition to impacts specified in 5.3. (SeeFig. 3.)5.3.3.8 For impact protective systems that are testin
37、g speci-mens to qualify more than two track or mounting conditions inaccordance with 4.1.2.4, each such specimen shall be impactedthree times at the locations shown in Fig. 5.5.3.4 Small Missile TestImpact each impact protectivesystem specimen and each fenestration assembly infill typethree times wi
38、th ten steel balls each as shown in Fig. 6.5.3.4.1 Each impact location shall receive distributed im-pacts simultaneously from ten steel balls. The impact shall bedescribed in the test report.5.3.4.2 The corner impact locations shall be entirely withina 250-mm (10-in.) radius circle having its cente
39、r located at 275mm (11 in.) from the edges.5.3.4.3 The edge impact locations shall be entirely within a250-mm (10-in.) radius circle at the centerline between twocorners having its center located at 275 mm (11 in.) from theedge.5.3.4.4 The center impact location shall be entirely within a250-mm radi
40、us (10-in.) circle having its center located at thehorizontal and vertical centerline of the infill.FIG. 2 Integral MullionFIG. 3 Combination Mullion with Meeting or Check RailFIG. 4 Meeting StileFIG. 5 Impact Locations for Testing Specimens for Two Track orMounting ConditionsFIG. 6 Impact Locations
41、 for Small Missile Test (Each Type ofInfill)E19960813NOTE 1Impact locations for small missile test may overlap dependingon the size of the specimen.5.4 Air Pressure Cycling:5.4.1 Air Pressure Differential:5.4.1.1 The air pressure portion of the test shall use the testloading program in Table 1. Sele
42、ct Pposand Pnegfor themaximum inward (positive) and maximum outward (negative)air pressure differential for which qualification is sought.5.4.1.2 The air pressure differential to be used for porousimpact protective systems shall be F (the design wind force forother structures as specified in ASCE 7)
43、 divided by thehorizontally projected area of the entire assembly.5.4.2 Except in Wind Zone 4, porous impact protectivesystems whose aggregate open area exceeds 50 % of theirprojected surface area that pass the small missile test and thatare not subject to the large missile test need not be tested f
44、orthe air pressure portion of the test described in this section.5.5 For impact protective system specimens that are testedindependently of the fenestration assemblies they are intendedto protect, measure and record both the maximum dynamicdeflection and the residual deflection following the impact
45、testand measure and record the maximum deflection in combina-tion with the residual deflection during the air pressure cyclingtest. Measure all deflections to the nearest 2 mm (0.1 in.).6. Missiles6.1 The specifying authority shall select an applicablemissile by defining a level of protection, a win
46、d zone, and anassembly elevation above the ground.6.2 The applicable missile from Table 2 shall be chosenusing Table 3 or Table 4, unless otherwise specified.6.2.1 Unless otherwise specified, select the appropriate levelof building protection from 6.2.1.1-6.2.1.3 and enter Table 3 orTable 4 at the a
47、ppropriate column.6.2.1.1 Enhanced Protection (Essential Facilities)Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities,including, but not limited to, hospitals; other health carefacilities having emergency treatment facilities; jails and de-tention facilities; fire, rescue and police
48、stations, and emer-gency vehicle garages; designated emergency shelters; com-munications centers and other facilities required for emergencyresponse; power generating stations; other public utility facili-ties required in an emergency; and buildings and other struc-tures having critical national def
49、ense functions.6.2.1.2 Basic ProtectionAll buildings and structures ex-cept those listed in 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.3.6.2.1.3 UnprotectedBuildings and other structures thatrepresent a low hazard to human life in a windstorm including,but not limited to: agricultural facilities, production green-houses, certain temporary facilities, and storage facilities.6.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, select the wind zone basedon the basic wind speed as follows:6.2.2.1 Wind Zone 1110 mph (49 m/s) # basic windspeed (30 ft)9.1 m#(30 ft)9.1 m(30 ft)9.1 m#(30 ft)9.1 m(30 f
