1、Designation: E2013 12Standard Practice forConstructing FAST Diagrams and Performing FunctionAnalysis During Value Analysis Study1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2013; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a logical structure for the functionanalysis of a building project or process.1.
3、2 This practice provides a system to identify unnecessarycosts of a project.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.4 Thi
4、s standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Document
5、s2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE1557 Classification for Building Elements and RelatedSiteworkUNIFORMAT IIE1699 Practice for Performing Value Analysis (VA) ofBuildings and Building Systems and Other ConstructedProjects3. Terminolog
6、y3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer toTerminologies E631 and E833.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice provides an organized approach for deter-mining the needs and desires of the stakeholders during theValue Analysis (VA) of a project. These needs and des
7、ires areused in developing the functions of the project.4.2 This practice establishes a logical procedure for allocat-ing cost to each function.4.3 Function analysis helps design professionals justify thevalue of their concepts. It also provides the stakeholders witha justification of their investme
8、nts.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice establishes a communication formatthrough which all stakeholders can understand, analyze, revise,and agree on the purposes of the project. This practice presentsa method by which stakeholders needs and desires arecompared to the cost to satisfy those need
9、s and desires. This isdone by identifying the low preference/high cost functions andhigh preference/low cost functions. These data will be used inthe value analysis study as a basis to create alternativesolutions.5.2 This practice helps stakeholders, which include devel-opers, owners, users, planner
10、s, contractors, architects, engi-neers, value analysts, cost professionals, and anyone who isresponsible for the budget, construction, maintenance, oroperation of the project.5.3 Apractice on performing value analysis of buildings andbuilding systems and other constructed projects, PracticeE1699, ha
11、s been published. As part of the value analysis study,perform function analysis after the collection of relevantinformation and prior to the identification of alternatives.Function Analysis Systems Technique (FAST) data helps theuser identify the alternatives that are highly valued with respectto th
12、eir cost.6. Procedure6.1 Function analysis consists of five sequential steps: (1)select a building component, (2) define the needs and desires(functions), (3) classify functions, (4) allocate cost to eachfunction, and (5) analyze the importance and expected perfor-mance level of the functions.6.2 Se
13、lection of a Building ComponentFor cost-effectiveness, select building components that offer a signifi-cant opportunity for improvement of performance, reduction incost, or both.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibili
14、ty of Subcommittee E06.81 onBuilding Economics.Current edition approved March 15, 2012. Published April 2012. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E2013 06. DOI:10.1520/E2013-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cust
15、omer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.3 Definition of Needs and Desires
16、 (Functions)Defineeach significant need or desire of the stakeholders in two wordsusing an active verb and a descriptive noun. The two-worddefinitions are the functions of the project.6.4 Classification of FunctionsCategorize the functions ofthe building component as basic (essential to meet the sta
17、ke-holders needs) or supporting (enhances the satisfaction of thestakeholders needs and desires).6.5 Distribution of Cost to FunctionsDivide cost of eachcomponent into smaller sections based on the specific use ofthe project and distribute cost to each function.6.6 Analysis of Functions:6.6.1 Analyz
18、e functions through a structured logical formatcalled Function Analysis Systems Technique (FAST). FAST isa diagramming technique which specifically illustrates therelationships and interrelationships of all functions within aspecific project using a “How-Why” logic pattern. There aretwo FAST variati
19、ons.6.6.2 One variation, known as Technical FAST, develops acritical path to define the basic needs of the project. Thisdiagram helps the user calculate the ratio of total cost to criticalfunctions.36.6.2.1 Technical FAST diagramming is effective in a spe-cific situation or element within a project.
20、 The situation orelement is an assembly or a portion of a construction design.Terms or functions are oriented to technical activities. ATechnical FAST diagram has a specific structural form (Fig. 1).6.6.2.2 There are four important concepts in a TechnicalFAST diagram:1. 9How-Why9 Logic Questions2. S
21、cope LineHigher Order FunctionBasic FunctionRequired Secondary FunctionsCausative Function3. Critical Functions4. Supporting FunctionsDesign ObjectivesAll The Time FunctionsCaused-By/Same-Time Functions6.6.2.3 Function analysis requires analyzing why a functionexists and how a function satisfies oth
22、er functions to completethe link between them. This “How-Why” logic assures that allthe required functions are listed in the FAST diagram.46.6.2.4 Begin the Technical FAST diagramming with ahigher order function of the project and two scope lines. Allfunctions that the selected element fulfills are
23、bounded by thetwo scope lines. The basic function is on the right of theleft-hand scope line, and the higher order function is on the left.The purpose of the element or project for which a FASTdiagram is developed is the higher order function. The rela-tionship between the higher order function and
24、the basicfunction is determined by asking “Why” the basic functioncandidate performs as it does. The answer should be the higherorder function. The logic check must be completed by asking“How” the higher order function performs. The logical answermust be the basic function candidate. It is still nec
25、essary toconfirm the required secondary function to the left of the3Certification Examination Guidelines, SAVE International, Dayton, OH.4Snodgrass, T.J., and Kasi, M., Function Analysis-The Stepping Stone to GoodValue, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1983.FIG. 1 Function Analysis Systems Techniqu
26、e (Technical FAST)E2013 122right-hand scope line. When the “How” question is asked ofthis function, the answer will be an outside function candidate.The outside function is called the causative function, since itreally starts the critical functions.6.6.2.5 Determining the basic function often requir
27、es select-ing functions from the list of suggestions and applying the“How” and “Why” questions. If the “Why” question isanswered by another identified function, that function is thenext candidate for the basic function. The function to the rightbecomes a required secondary function. Once the basic f
28、unc-tion is verified, the remaining required secondary functions areidentified. This group makes up the critical functions.6.6.2.6 The last group of functions is supporting functions.There are three types. The first type, caused by or same timefunctions, connects directly to a critical function. The
29、se func-tions result from the performance characteristics of particularcritical functions and act as modifiers. The second type,all-the-time functions, modifies two or more of the criticalfunctions. The third type, design objectives, represents speci-fications that are added to the design, often by
30、the stakeholderor group that is developing or operating the process.6.6.3 The second variation, known as Task-oriented FAST,creates distinct functions for stakeholders concerns and isalways headed by four primary functions: (1) assure depend-ability, (2) assure convenience, (3) satisfy stakeholders,
31、 and (4)attract stakeholders.6.6.3.1 The Task-oriented FAST diagram logically displaysthe stakeholders needs and desires (see Fig. 2). Task-orientedFAST diagramming is especially effective in the planning orconceptual phase. Use conceptual layout and building plans todevelop these FAST diagrams.6.6.
32、3.2 There are four parts to the Task-oriented FASTdiagram:1. Task2. Basic FunctionsPrimarySecondary3. Supporting FunctionsAssure DependabilityAssure ConvenienceSatisfy StakeholdersAttract StakeholdersFIG. 2 Function Analysis System Technique (Task-Oriented FAST)E2013 1234. Classify FunctionsPrimaryS
33、econdaryTertiary6.6.3.3 The first step is to determine the task. The tasksatisfies the overall needs of the stakeholder. Establish a scopeline just to the right of the task. Functions that answer “whyperform the task” lie outside of the scope.6.6.3.4 The second step is to separate the identified fun
34、c-tions into basic and supporting functions. Basic functions arethose which are essential to the performance of the task.Without the primary basic functions, the project or process willnot work.6.6.3.5 The third step is to group the remaining functionsinto the four primary supporting function groups
35、. Supportingfunctions play an important role in a building. Structuralengineers, for instance, concentrate primarily on the basicfunctions, with heavy emphasis on the primary supportingfunction Assure Dependability. Mechanical engineers andelectrical engineers pay more attention to the supportingfun
36、ction Assure Convenience, while architects ideas satisfythe basic and supporting functions Satisfy Stakeholders andAttract Stakeholders.6.6.4 Assure DependabilityAny function that assures de-pendability has at least one of the following attributes:6.6.4.1 Makes the elements of the project stronger o
37、r morereliable or effective,6.6.4.2 Makes it safer to use,6.6.4.3 Lengthens the life of the parts or minimizes main-tenance cost, or both, and6.6.4.4 Protects the environment.6.6.5 Assure ConvenienceAny function that assures con-venience has at least one of the following attributes:6.6.5.1 Modifies
38、the basic function to make it convenient touse,6.6.5.2 Enhances spatial arrangements,6.6.5.3 Facilitates maintenance and repairs, and6.6.5.4 Furnishes instructions and directions to stakehold-ers.6.6.6 Satisfy StakeholdersAny function that satisfiesstakeholders has at least one of the following attr
39、ibutes:6.6.6.1 Modifies the basic function to satisfy the individualdesires,6.6.6.2 Makes the stakeholders life more pleasant; forexample, minimizes noise, and6.6.6.3 Makes the element appear to be better in the opinionof the stakeholder, but not necessarily in the opinion of thedesigner. (Sometimes
40、 these opinions are reflected in the stan-dards and specifications of a particular agency/owner.)6.6.7 Attract StakeholdersAny function that attractsstakeholders and has at least one of the following attributes:6.6.7.1 Emphasizes the visual aspect (sight) or other senses,and6.6.7.2 Projects a favora
41、ble image (that is, trademarks orendorsement by public figures).6.6.8 The fourth step is to classify the functions as primary,secondary, or tertiary.6.6.8.1 The link between the task and basic functions is thesequence of the logical question “How-Why.” The “How-Why” concepts must work between the se
42、lected task and theprimary basic functions. These primary basic functions areinterdependent and both are essential to the performance of thetask.6.6.8.2 Once the primary basic functions have been identi-fied, the question “How” can be asked of each of the primarybasic functions. Functions that answe
43、r the question “How” willbe found in the expanding branches. These are the secondarybasic functions. There must be two or more secondary basicfunctions to justify branching from the primary function.6.6.8.3 In a similar manner, the secondary supporting func-tions branch to the right from the primary
44、 supporting functionswhen the question “How” is applied. Again, there must be twoor more secondary functions to justify branching.6.6.8.4 This rule also affects further branching off to thethird (tertiary) level. Usually, the tertiary level completes thebranching basic functions. The end of the bran
45、ching is obtainedwhen the hardware description or action is the noun of thefunction. The branches must also satisfy the “Why” question inthe opposite direction, that is, logic check.6.6.9 Cost Estimate:6.6.9.1 Obtain cost estimates for the proposed buildingcomponents and related sitework. Classifica
46、tion E1557 pro-vides a useful format for allocating cost to functions.6.6.10 Function Cost:6.6.10.1 Most components of a building have more than onefunction to satisfy. Distribute cost of each component to eachone of these functions, proportionate to their time cost. Use theelemental format, UNIFORM
47、AT II, for the development ofcost estimates. This expedites the completion of function costs.Allocate all life-cycle costs, including first cost, operation costand maintenance cost.6.6.10.2 When cost is distributed to all functions, review thetotal distribution. In the Technical FAST, the ratio of t
48、otal costto the cost of critical functions is defined as the value index. Inthe Task-Oriented FAST, the ratio of the total cost to the Basicand Assure Dependability functions is defined as the valueindex. The value index varies from 1.5 to 6.0. As this ratio getshigher, the opportunity to reduce cos
49、t is higher for the selectedcomponent. A value index of 1.5 means a very basic designwith minimum cost of supporting functions. If most of the totalcost is spent on critical functions, the value index is approxi-mately 1.5. The construction of a fast food restaurant, forexample, will have a value index around 1.5, whereas aluxurious restaurant may have a value index much higher thanthe fast food restaurant.6.6.10.3 In Task-Oriented FAST, the ratio of basic to sup-porting functions indicates how basic the project or componentis designed. Opportunity to improve value
