1、Designation: E2020 99a (Reapproved 2010)E2020 16Standard Guide forData and Information Options for Conducting an EcologicalRisk Assessment at Contaminated Sites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2020; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to assist remedial project teams, specifically
3、 ecological risk assessors, in identifying data andinformation options that may be used to perform a screening or complex ecological risk assessment (ERA) at a contaminated site.1.2 The identification of data and information options for human health risk assessment is outside the scope of this guide
4、.1.3 This guide is intended to provide a list for identifying data and information options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action for ERA activities.1.4 This guide addresses data and information options for the ecological risk assessment, not verification or long-termmonitoring studies.1.
5、5 This guide lists many of the common data and information options for ERA, but there may be others relevant for anyparticular site.1.6 This guide considers one component of an ERA, that is, identification of data and information options. OtherASTM guideshave been developed, for example, Guides E168
6、9 and E1848, and are being developed to cover other components of the riskassessment process.1.7 This guide does not provide information on how to perform any of the analytical procedures used to perform a riskassessment once data collection options are defined.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standa
7、rds:2D5730 Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone andGroundwater (Withdrawn 2013)3E1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing and forSelection of Samplers Used to Colle
8、ct Benthic InvertebratesE1525 Guide for Designing Biological Tests with SedimentsE1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated SitesE1848 Guide for Selecting and Using Ecological Endpoints for Contaminated Sites3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1
9、.1 assessment endpoint, nan explicit expression of the environmental value to be protected.3.1.2 chemical stressor, na chemical, chemical mixture, or radionuclide present in an environmental medium that is knownor suspected to induce an adverse biological, toxicological, or ecological response in an
10、 exposed ecological receptor.3.1.3 complex ecological risk assessment, nan ecological risk assessment completed using quantitative methods, which relieson site-specific data and may include toxicity testing, field biological surveys, and probabilistic analysis.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction
11、of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibilityof Subcommittee E50.05 on Environmental Risk Management.Current edition approved March 1, 2010Oct. 1, 2016. Published May 2010December 2016. Originally approved in 1999. Last prev
12、ious edition approved 20042010 asE202099a (2004).(2010). DOI: 10.1520/E2020-99AR10.10.1520/E2020-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Doc
13、ument Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becaus
14、eit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
15、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.4 data quality objective, na specification of the amount and quality of data required to adequately complete the riskassessment such that a risk management decision can be made.3.1.5 ecological receptor, necosystems, co
16、mmunities, populations, and individual organisms (except humans), that can beexposed directly or indirectly to site stressors.3.1.6 measurement endpoint, na measurable response to a stressor that is quantifiably related to the valued characteristicchosen as the assessment endpoint.3.1.7 non-chemical
17、 stressor, na biological agent, physical disturbance, condition, or nonchemical characteristic of a wastematerial, substrate, or source associated with a contaminated site and corrective actions that is known or suspected to interfere withthe normal functioning of an ecological receptor.3.1.8 screen
18、ing ecological risk assessment, nan ecological risk assessment completed using qualitative or simple quantitativemethods, which relies on literature information and is unlikely to include toxicity testing, field biological surveys, or probabilisticanalysis.3.1.9 site, nthe terms “site,” “on-site,” a
19、nd “off-site,” have not been defined in this guide. They will need to be defined ona case-by-case basis. They could be defined by regulatory needs, natural boundaries, or property boundaries.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides a series of lists of data and information options for conducting a
20、n ecological risk assessment at acontaminated site and is organized in accordance with the major components of the risk assessment process: problem formulation,exposure characterization, effects characterization, and risk characterization (1-4).4 Lists are provided for screening and complexERAs.5. S
21、ignificance and Use5.1 This guide is significant in that it addresses the data and information options of each component of the ecological riskassessment process, for both a screening and complex ERA. It outlines the data and information options while recognizing thatan ecological risk assessment ma
22、y be focused to achieve a particular stated goal. This guide is not intended to represent the viewsof the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), or any other regulatory agency, on data collection for ecological riskassessment.5.2 This guide is to be used by managers, scientists, and technical
23、 staff of contractors, industry, government agencies, anduniversities responsible for conducting ecological risk assessments at contaminated sites. It is to be used to guide data collectionphases of the ecological risk assessment. It will assist in the development of the conceptual site model (see G
24、uide E1689) and theidentification of potential assessment and measurement endpoints (see Guide E1848). While it was written to assist in planningan ERA, the list also may be used in the review of a completed ERA.6. General Guidance on Determining Data Collection Options for Ecological Risk Assessmen
25、t6.1 It is imperative that the goals of the ERAare outlined at the beginning of the ERAprocess. Data collection efforts may thenbe focused to ensure a sound scientific approach and cost-effective use of resources, for example, time and money.6.2 The lists are not meant to be exhaustive. Neither are
26、they intended to be lists of data required for all ERAs. The amountand type of data required for a screening or complex ERA will depend upon the size and location of the site, the future intendeduse of the site, the complexity of the site, and the outcome of the data quality objectives (DQO) process
27、 (5). A typical site mayutilize only a small percentage of these data and information options. These lists are intended to serve as a general index to datacollection efforts.7. Lists7.1 Not all of the components within the following lists will be relevant at every contaminated site. In addition, som
28、einformation may be site-specific and other information may be obtained from the literature. Literature data are more prevalent inscreening ERAs and site-specific data are more prevalent in complex ERAs. Whenever practicable, site-specific data are preferredover literature data.7.2 The options in th
29、e lists are not in any particular order. Risk assessment often is an iterative process, and it may be morescientifically sound and cost-effective to complete certain options before others. The order for the completion of options will needto be determined on a case-by-case basis.8. Data Options for P
30、roblem Formulation8.1 Most of the data and information options in problem formulation are applicable to both screening and complex ERAs andare outlined below; however, the information will be more detailed in a complex ERA. Additional data and information optionstypically found only in complex ERAs
31、are listed in Section 9.4 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.E2020 1628.2 Clearly define the goals of the ERA (6).8.3 Define data quality objectives (DQOs) for the assessment (seesee Ref.( 5).8.3.1 State the problem that the risk assessmen
32、t should address.8.3.2 Identify the decision(s) that require new environmental data to address the contamination problem.8.3.3 Identify the inputs (data or information) needed to support the decision.8.3.4 Define the scale (spatial and temporal) of the assessment.8.3.5 Develop a decision rule that d
33、efines choice among alternative solutions.8.3.6 Specify acceptable limits on decision errors used to establish performance goals for limiting uncertainty.8.3.7 Optimize the design for obtaining data, by identifying the most resource-effective sampling and analysis plan.8.4 Complete the conceptual si
34、te model (see Guide E1689)8.4.1 Identify the current and historical sources of potential chemical stressors, such as the following:8.4.1.1 Process areas;8.4.1.2 Landfill;8.4.1.3 Burial ground;8.4.1.4 Underground or aboveground storage tanks, or both;8.4.1.5 Lagoons;8.4.1.6 Holding ponds;8.4.1.7 Air
35、stacks or other air emission sources;8.4.1.8 Effluent pipes; or,8.4.1.9 Historical spills or accidental releases.8.4.2 Identify nonchemical, for example, physical and biological stressors, such as the following:8.4.2.1 Nonnative or exotic species;8.4.2.2 Pathogens;8.4.2.3 Temperature;8.4.2.4 Suspend
36、ed solids;8.4.2.5 Change in water levels;8.4.2.6 Oxygen depletion;8.4.2.7 pH;8.4.2.8 Predators;8.4.2.9 Habitat alteration, degradation or destruction; or,8.4.2.10 Non-site-related stressors, for example, local releases from municipal or industrial development.8.4.3 Identify potential constituent mig
37、ration pathways.8.4.4 Identify geological features that control movement of constituents and dictate exposure pathways. In particular, note anyfeatures which would cause unpredictable movement of constituents, for example, karst formations in limestone often causedifficulties in tracing ground water
38、 movement.8.4.5 Identify all relevant constituent-bearing media, such as the following:8.4.5.1 Soil;8.4.5.2 Ground water;8.4.5.3 Surface water;8.4.5.4 Sediment;8.4.5.5 Air; or,8.4.5.6 Biota.8.4.6 Identify direct and indirect complete exposure pathways. Ensure that exposure pathways are identified ap
39、propriately, forexample, PCBs may not be detected in surface water, but may be detected in fish tissues, and therefore, food web exposurepathways are appropriate to consider. Exposure pathways may include the following:8.4.6.1 Inhalation;8.4.6.2 Ingestion;8.4.6.3 Dermal uptake;8.4.6.4 Root uptake; o
40、r,8.4.6.5 Food web.8.4.7 Identify normal and atypical weather patterns for the site location, such as the following:8.4.7.1 Excessive dry periods with high winds may lead to increased levels of constituents in air from fugitive dusts, anddestruction of habitat;8.4.7.2 Storm events, for example, hurr
41、icanes, that may mobilize constituents, for example, suspension of sediments mayincrease the bioavailability of constituents;8.4.7.3 Periodic flooding may result in certain exposure pathways that may otherwise not exist, for example, contamination ofthe floodplain community from a stream; or,8.4.7.4
42、 Fluctuations in salinity.E2020 1638.4.8 Define the assessment endpoints and include rationale for their selection (see Guide E1848).8.4.8.1 Ensure the assessment endpoints are relevant to decision-making. (7)8.4.8.2 Consider whether endpoints are ecologically relevant.8.4.8.3 Consider whether endpo
43、ints have societal importance.8.4.8.4 Determine whether endpoint species are or could be at the site.8.4.8.5 Consider whether endpoint species are sensitive to site constituents.8.4.8.6 Consider whether endpoint species are likely to receive high exposures.8.4.9 Identify any threatened, or endangere
44、d species (plant or animal), or both, known to inhabit, or that could potentiallyinhabit, the vicinity of the site. Also, identify the presence of habitat that could be utilized by threatened and endangered species.Consider using state or federal listings of threatened, rare and endangered species,
45、for example, Natural Heritage Program.Consider local laws and regulations to identify any protected species or species of local concern.8.4.10 Identify any commercially or recreationally important species in the area of the site.8.4.11 Describe the food web. Identify multiple food sources, where app
46、ropriate, in the foraging area of each receptor species.Consider consulting with local naturalists, for example, Department of Natural Resources, Fish and Wildlife Service, Departmentof Environmental Protection, Natural Heritage Program, to obtain information on local species.8.4.12 Define measureme
47、nt endpoints and include rationale for their selection. Also, describe relation between assessmentendpoints and measurement endpoints.8.4.13 Present both current and future exposure scenarios. Future exposures should be based on reasonably anticipated futureland use. Describe how future exposures ma
48、y change, as a result of the following scenarios, for example:8.4.13.1 Increased release from a ground water plume to a stream;8.4.13.2 Increased habitat from forest succession causes additional ecological receptor species to be in contact with constituents;8.4.13.3 Decreased exposure because of sco
49、uring of sediments out of a stream, but increased exposure downstream wheresediments settle;8.4.13.4 Weather-related seasonal or periodic changes; or,8.4.13.5 Continued physical degradation or biodegradation of constituents.8.5 Environmental Description of Site (78):8.5.1 Describe and map current and potential future land use scenarios of the site and surrounding area, to ensure assessmentendpoints and ecological receptor species are selected that are appropriate for current and future land uses. Land uses may includethe following:8.5.1.1 Residential;8.5.1.2 Park land/re
