1、Designation: E2026 07E2026 16 An American National StandardStandard Guide forSeismic Risk Assessment of Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONLenders, insurers, and equity owners in real estate are giving more intense scrutiny to earthquakerisk than ever bef
3、ore.The 1989 Loma Prieta, California earthquake, which caused more than $6 billionin damage, accelerated the trend toward considering loss estimation in real estate transactions. The1994 Northridge, California earthquake, with over $20 billion in damage, made seismic riskassessment an integral part
4、of real estate financial decision-making for regions at risk of damagingearthquakes. Users of Seismic Risk Assessment reports need specific and consistent measures forassessing the possibility of future loss due to earthquake occurrences. This guide discusses specificapproaches that the real estate
5、and technical communities can consider a basis for characterizing theseismic risk assessment of buildings in an earthquake. It uses two concepts to characterize earthquakeloss: probable loss (PL) and scenario loss (SL). Use of the term probable maximum loss (PML) isacceptable, provided it is specifi
6、cally and adequately defined by the User.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidance on conducting seismic risk assessments for buildings. As such, this guide assists a User toassess a propertys potential for losses from earthquake occurrences.1.1.1 Hazards addressed in this guide include earthquake gr
7、ound shaking, earthquake-caused site instability, including faultrupture, landslides and soil liquefaction, lateral spreading and settlement, and earthquake-caused off-site response impacting theproperty, including flooding from dam or dike failure, tsunamis and seiches. include:1.1.1.1 Earthquake g
8、round shaking,1.1.1.2 Earthquake-caused site instability, including fault rupture, landslides, soil liquefaction, lateral spreading and settlement,and1.1.1.3 Earthquake-caused off-site response impacting the property, including flooding from dam or dike failure, tsunamis andseiches.1.1.2 This guide
9、does not address the following:1.1.2.1 Earthquake-caused fires and toxic materials releases.1.1.2.2 Federal, state, or local laws and regulations of building construction or maintenance. Users are cautioned that currentfederal, state, and local laws and regulations may differ from those in effect at
10、 the time of the original construction of thebuilding(s).1.1.2.3 Preservation of life safety.1.1.2.4 Prevention of building damage.1.1.2.5 Contractual and legal obligations between prior and subsequent Users of Seismic Risk Assessmentseismic riskassessment reports or between Providers who prepared t
11、he report and those who would like to use such prior reports.1.1.2.6 Contractual and legal obligations between a Provider and a User, and other parties, if any.1.1.3 It is the responsibility of the User of this guide to establish appropriate life safety and damage prevention practices anddetermine t
12、he applicability of current regulatory limitations prior to use.1.2 The objectives of this guide are:1.2.1 To synthesize and document guidelines for seismic risk assessment of buildings from earthquakes;buildings;1.2.2 To encourage standardized seismic risk assessment;assessments;1 This guide is und
13、er the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.25 on Whole Buildingsand Facilities.Current edition approved May 1, 2007Jan. 1, 2016. Published May 2007June 2016. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in
14、 19992007 asE2026 99.E2026-07. DOI: 10.1520/E2026-07.10.1520/E2026-16.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depic
15、t all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942
16、8-2959. United States11.2.3 To establish guidelines for field observations of the site and physical conditions, and the document review and researchconsidered appropriate, practical, sufficient, and reasonable for seismic risk assessment;1.2.4 To establish guidelines on what reasonably can be expect
17、ed of and delivered by a Provider in conducting the seismic riskassessment of buildings; and1.2.5 To establish guidelines on appropriate field observations and analysis for conducting a seismic risk assessment; and1.2.5 To establish guidelines by which a Provider can communicate to the User observat
18、ions, opinions, and conclusions in amanner that is meaningful and not misleading either by content or by omission.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only a
19、nd are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building Constructions2.2 ICC Standard:3IBC International Building Code, current edition2.3 Other ReferencesThe following resource documents provide technical guidance for the seismic evaluation and retrofi
20、t ofexisting buildings:4ASCE 77-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of Civil EngineersStructuresASCE 31 Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings, American Society of Civil EngineersBuildings5ASCE 4141-13 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, American
21、Society of Civil EngineersEvaluation and Retrofit ofExisting Buildings63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 See Terminology E631.3.1.2 For definition of terms related to building construction, ASCE 31 (1)and ASCE 41 (2)provide additional resources forunderstanding terminology and language related to
22、seismic performance of buildings.3.1.3 For definition of terms and additional detailed information on concepts related to seismic events and structural design, seereferences at the end of this document.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This StandardThis section provides definitions of concepts an
23、d terms specific to this guide.The concepts and terms are an integral part of this guide and are critical to an understanding of this guide and its use.3.2.1 active earthquake fault, nan earthquake fault that has exhibited surface displacement within Holocene time typicallyabout the last 11 000 year
24、s.3.2.2 building code, na collection of laws (regulations, ordinances, or statutory requirements) applicable to buildings, adoptedby governmental (legislative) authority and administered with the primary intent of protecting public health, safety, and welfare.3.2.3 building contents, nelements conta
25、ined within the building that are not defined as building systems.3.2.3.1 DiscussionExamples include tenant-installed equipment, storage racks, material handling systems, shelving, stored inventories, furniture,fixtures, office machines, computer equipment, filing cabinets, and personal property.3.2
26、.3 building systems, nall physical systems that comprise a building and its services.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThis includes architectural, structural, mechanical, plumbing, electrical, fire life-safety, vertical transportation and security systems.More specifically architectural systems include non-structu
27、ral building envelopes, roofing, ceilings, partitions, non-structuraldemising walls etc; structural systems include both gravity and seismic force-resisting systems and foundations; mechanicalsystems include heating, ventilating and air conditioning equipment, ducts, control systems etc; plumbing sy
28、stems includedomestic water heaters, piping, controls, plumbing fixtures, waste water system piping and natural gas or propane systems, storm2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolum
29、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from International Code Council (ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, http:/www.iccsafe.org.4 Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Res
30、ton, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.5 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.successor of FEMA310 issued as a standard in 2003, with periodic revisions.6 The successor of FEMA 356 issued as a standard in 2006, with periodic revisions.E2026 162wa
31、ter drains and pumps etc; electrical systems include switchgear, transformers, breakers, wiring, lighting fixtures, emergencypower systems etc; and fire life-safety systems include fire sprinkler systems, monitoring and alarm systems etc. Not included inbuilding systems are those contained within a
32、building and defined as building contents.3.2.4 business interruption, na period of interruption to normal business operations that can potentially or materially causea loss to the owner/operator of that business.business through loss of use of the building until use is restored consistent withbusin
33、ess operations.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe loss may be partial or total for the period under consideration. Business interruption is expressed in days/weeks/months ofdowntime for the building as a whole or the equivalent operating value.3.2.5 construction documents, ndocuments used in the initial construc
34、tion phase and any subsequent modification(s) ofbuilding(s) for which the seismic risk assessment is prepared. Construction documents include drawings, calculations,specifications, geotechnical reports, construction reports, and testing results.3.2.5.1 DiscussionGenerally as-built plans are the pref
35、erred form of construction documents.3.2.6 contents, nelements contained within the building that are not defined as building systems.3.2.6.1 DiscussionExamples include tenant-installed equipment, storage racks, material handling systems, shelving, stored inventories, furniture,fixtures, office mach
36、ines, computer equipment, filing cabinets, and personal property.3.2.7 correlation, nthe tendency or likelihood of the behavior of one element to be influenced by the known behavior ofanother element.3.2.7 distribution function, nthe probability distribution for a random variable.3.2.7.1 DiscussionT
37、he random variable may include such things as loss, ground motion, or other consequence of earthquake occurrence (3-5).3.2.8 damage or repair cost, ncost required to restore the building to its pre-earthquake condition, allowing for salvage anddemolition.3.2.8.1 DiscussionThe value includes hard cos
38、ts of construction as well as soft costs for design, site supervision, management, etc. (See alsoreplacement cost.)3.2.9 damage ratio, nratio of the damage or repair cost divided by the replacement cost.3.2.10 dangerous conditions, nsituations that pose a threat or possible injury to the occupants.o
39、ccupants or adjacent areaconsistent with IBC definition.3.2.11 deficiency, nconspicuous defect(s) in the building or significant deferred maintenance items of a building and itscomponents or equipment.3.2.11.1 DiscussionConditions resulting from the lack of routine maintenance, miscellaneous repairs
40、, operating maintenance, etc. are not considereda deficiency.3.2.12 design basis earthquake (DBE), nthe site ground motion with a 10 % probability of exceedance in 50 years, equivalentto a 475-year return period for exceedance, or a 0.2105 % annual probability of occurrence.3.2.12.1 DiscussionE2026
41、163The design basis earthquake ground motions are associated with any earthquake that has the specified site ground motion value;often there are several earthquakes with different magnitudes and causative faults that yield equivalent site peak ground motions.3.2.13 deficiency, distribution function,
42、 nconspicuous defect(s) in the building or significant deferred maintenance items ofa building and its components or equipment. the probability distribution for a random variable.3.2.13.1 DiscussionConditions resulting from the lack of routine maintenance, The random variable may include such things
43、 as loss, ground motion,or other consequence of earthquake occurrence.miscellaneous7repairs,operating8maintenance,etc.9are not considered a deficiency.3.2.14 due diligence, nthe assessment of the condition of a property for the purposes of identifying conditions orcharacteristics of the property, in
44、cluding potentially dangerous conditions, that may be important to determining the appropriate-ness of the property for financial or real estate transactions.3.2.14.1 DiscussionThe extent of due diligence exercised on behalf of a User is usually proportionalrelated to the Users tolerance for uncerta
45、inty, thepurpose of seismic risk assessment, the resources and time available to the Provider to conduct the site visit and research.reviewconstruction documents.3.2.15 expected value, nof a random variable, the average or mean of the distribution function.3.2.15.1 DiscussionThe expected value is de
46、termined as the sum (or integral) of all the values that can occur multiplied by the probability of theiroccurrence. (Compare: median value.)3.2.16 fault zone, narea within a prescribed distance from any of the surface traces of a fault.3.2.16.1 DiscussionThe distance depends on the magnitude of ear
47、thquakes that could occur on the faulttypically 500 ft (152 m) from major faults,which are those capable of earthquakes with magnitudes of 6.5 or greater, and 250 ft (761 m) (761 m) away from other well-definedfaults. Within California, the fault zones are determined by the California Geological Sur
48、vey under the Earthquake Special StudiesZones Act for active and potentially active earthquake faults that have been identified by the state or other governmental bodies.3.2.17 field assessor, nthe person assigned by the Senior Assessor who conducts the site visits of the property to observe,evaluat
49、e, and document the lateral load-resisting system. Other qualified persons may assist the Field Assessor. See 6.2.3 forqualifications required to perform such functions for Level 1 or higher assessments.3.2.18 Independent Reviewer,independent reviewer, nindependent technically qualified individual or organization that has notbeen engaged in the design or modifications of the building(s), and is not in any way affiliated with the Provider.3.2.18.1 DiscussionThe concept may also be represented by the phrases “independent technical reviewe
