1、Designation: E 2035 07e1Standard Terminology Relating toForensic Psychophysiology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEThe term cardiovascular tracing was editorially corrected in January 2008.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and correspondingdefinitions used i
3、n forensic psychophysiology. Legal or scien-tific terms that generally are understood or defined adequatelyin other readily available sources may not be included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, andthe year of the
4、last review or revision is appended.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstandards organization or ASTM committee are identified withthe abbreviation of the name of the organization or theidentifying document and ASTM committee; for example,ASME is the American Society of Mechanica
5、l Engineering.1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field areidentified with an abbreviation.2. Significance and Use2.1 These terms have particular application to the scientificdiscipline of forensic psychophysiology. In addition, a hierar-chy of sources of definitions are used in the de
6、velopment ofthis terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websterss NewWorld Dictionary, Third College Edition; technical dictionar-ies; and, the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. Thesubcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of thesources in the hierarchy are found wanting.3. T
7、erminology3.1 Terms and Definitions:Air Force modified general question test (AFMGQT),ntest format with flexible question orderings and numbersof relevant questions. The AFMGQT can be used in single-issue, multiple facet, and multiple-issue PDD examinations.The AFMGQT uses relevant, comparison, sacr
8、ifice relevantand irrelevant questions.artifact, na change in a PDD tracing that is not arributableto a review test question, stimulus, recovery, or homeostasis.cardiovascular tracing, na display of physiological patternsof the subjects relative blood pressure and pulse rate. Thecardiograph componen
9、t records this parison question, ntype of question, the physiologicalresponses from which are compared to those generated bythe relevant questions.counterintelligence-scope polygraph (CSP), nscreeningexamination administered by the Federal Government onindividuals with sensitive security clearances
10、to detect anddeter espionage, security breaches, sabotage, or other actsagainst the government. Sometimes referred to as a loyaltyexamination.Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., nalthoughnot a PDD case, the Daubert case set aside the landmarkFrye rules “general acceptability” provisions in
11、 favor of theFederal Rules of Evidence. This paved the way for theadmissibility of PDD evidence in most jurisdictions. See:Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1992), 509U. S. 579, 125 1. Ed 2d 469; United States v. Frye 54 AppD.C. 46, 293 F 1013.deception indicated (DI), ndeception indicat
12、ed is a conven-tional term for a PDD outcome. A decision of DI means thatthe physiological data are stable and interpretable and thatthe evaluation criteria used by the examiner concluded thatthe examinee was not being completely truthful to therelevant issue. Deception indicated corresponds to the
13、term“Significant Physiological Responses,” or SPR.deception test, na family of PDD examinations where directquestions are posed to the examinee during physiologicalrecording regarding the examinees involvement in what iscovered in the relevant question. Unlike recognition tests,both truthful and dec
14、eptive examinees are aware of whichquestions are relevant, and direct participation, not justrecognition, is tested. Deception tests include PDD compari-son question tests and PDD Relevant/Irrelevant tests.1This terminology standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E52on Forensic Psychoph
15、ysiology and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE52.06 on Terminology.Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 2035 - 05a.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
16、hohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.disclosure examinations over sexual history, nA clinicalpolygraph examination intended to explore pre-conviction“lifetime” sexual behavioral histories and activities whichinclude the disclosure of additional victims, sexual educationsources, victimization, expo
17、sure and utilization of pornog-raphy, the onset of masturbation, paraphilias, sexual devi-ance and therapeutic issues. It is a utility-designed multiple-issue polygraph test, subject to the successive hurdlesdecision approach.electrodermal tracing, nthe display of physiological pat-terns of either s
18、kin resistance or skin conductance obtainedthrough exosomatic recording with a galvanograph compo-nent.evidentiary PDD examination, ntest procedures that aredesigned to meet minimum standards for admissibility incourt or administrative hearings. Among the necessarycomponents are: electronic recordin
19、g of the session, use of aPDD technique for which the preponderance of the pub-lished peer-reviewed research shows an average accuracy of90% or better; individually validated scoring rules, and;optimized decision rules. Use of a movement sensor is alsorecommended.false negative, nmisclassification o
20、f a deceptive person astruthful.false positive, nmisclassification of a truthful person asdeceptive.forensic psychophysiology, nthe scientific discipline deal-ing with the relationship and applications of PDD testswithin the legal system. It encompasses the academic disci-pline that provides the stu
21、dent, the practitioner, and theresearcher with the theoretical and applied psychological,physiological, and psychophysiological fundamentals for athorough understanding of PDD tests, and the skills andqualifications for conducting PDD examinations. The modi-fier “forensic” delineates and delimits th
22、is discipline fromthe broader discipline of psychophysiology.format, nthe established sequence or rules for orderingquestions for presentation during testing.homeostasis, na complex interactive regulatory system bywhich the body strives to maintain a state of internalequilibrium.investigative PDD pr
23、ocedures, nroutine PDD examinationsthat are used to explore wider issues than evidentiary PDDexaminations, and are not intended to meet exacting eviden-tiary standards. Investigative procedures may include appli-cant testing, Post-Conviction Sex Offender Testing, andmultiple-facet criminal testing.i
24、rrelevant question, nAn irrelevant question is designed tobe a non-emotion provoking question. Also referred to as“norms” or “neutral questions.”modified general question test (MGQT), ntest formatpatterned after the Reid test and modified by the U.S.Military. It contains relevant, irrelevant, and co
25、mparisonquestions. The MGQT is widely used in the field, and has abody of validity research.monitoring examination, nA clinical polygraph examina-tion specifically intended to uncover whether the offenderhas committed any illegal sexual act(s) with a child or anyother sexual act forbidden by law dur
26、ing a sex offendersperiod of supervision. The requested test timeframe can besince the imposition of the offenders parole or probation,since his last test, or any other period designated bysupervision officers. This is exclusively a single-issue poly-graph test.multiple-facet polygraph test, na test
27、 in which the relevantquestions cover the same event, though the questions maycover different aspects of that event. Because the relevantquestions all relate to the same event, in field conditions theexaminee would typically be entirely either truthful ordeceptive to all questions, though this is no
28、t a condition ofthe multiple-facet polygraph test. One multiple-facet PDDformat is the Reid Test.multiple-issue polygraph test, na test in which the relevantquestions cover two or more areas that are partially orcompletely independent from one another. Forms ofmultiple-issue polygraph testing includ
29、e Post-ConvictionSex Offender Testing, applicant testing, and counterintelli-gence screening.noise, nIn PDD, it is the random variation in the recordeddata that has no diagnostic value, and when excessive, maytake the identification of diagnostic patterns more difficult.no deception indicated (NDI),
30、 nno deception indicated is aconventional term for a PDD outcome. A decision of NDImeans that the physiological data are stable and interpretableand that the evaluation criteria used by the examinerconcluded that the examinee was being completely truthfulto the relevant issue. No deception indicated
31、 corresponds tothe term “No Significant Physiological Responses,” or NSR.optimal decision rules, nthose that restrict the types andproportion of error to those that can be tolerated by theconsumers of the polygraph results. Because it is notpossible to simultaneously reduce errors of one type (that
32、is,false positives) without increasing errors of the other type,optimal decision rules are central to a judicious and rationalprocess by which the payoff to the consumers of thepolygraph decision is greatest, and the cost associated witherrors is minimized. Optimal decision rules for investigativean
33、d evidentiary polygraphy may be different from oneanother.PDD examination, na process that encompasses all activi-ties that take place between a PDD examiner and anexaminee during a specific series of interactions. Theseinteractions may include the pretest interview, the use of thepolygraph to colle
34、ct physiological data from the examineewhile presenting a series of tests, the test data analysis phase,which may be supplemented in a post-test interview phase.PDD examiner, nsomeone who has successfully completedformal education and accredited training in conducting PDDexaminations and, if appropr
35、iate, is certified or licensed bytheir agency or state to conduct such examinations.peak of tension (PTO), na family of testing procedures,including known solution, searching (probing), and acquain-tance tests. There is a body of validation research for theknown solution POT.E203507e12phasic respons
36、e, na response, typically of short duration,where the level of physiological arousal returns to itspre-arousal state.physiology, nthe branch of biology dealing with the func-tions and vital processes of living organisms or their partsand organs.polygraph examiner, na term used synonymously withPDD e
37、xaminer. In the evolution of terminology within thisdiscipline, the term “Polygraph Examiners” replaced theantiquated appellation “Lie Detector Operator” (see defini-tion of PDD examiner).polygraph instrument, na diagnostic instrument used dur-ing a PDD examination, which is capable of simultaneousl
38、ymonitoring, recording, and measuring at a minimum, respi-ratory, electrodermal, and cardiovascular activity as a re-sponse to auditory or visual stimuli.polygraphy, nsee definition of PDD.post-conviction sex offender testing (PCSOT), nSee clini-cal polygraph examination.disclosure examination, na f
39、orm of Post-Conviction SexOffender Testing (PCSOT) which involves an in-depth lookat the entire life cycle of an offender and his or her sexualbehaviors up to the date of criminal conviction. Sometimesreferred to as a sexual history examination.pretest interview, nthe earliest portion of the PDD exa
40、mi-nation process during which the examinee and examinerdiscuss the test, test procedure, and the details of the testissues. The pretest interview also serves to prepare theexaminee for the testing.psychology, nthe science dealing with the mind and with themental and emotional processes.psychophysio
41、logical detection of deception (PDD), ntheacademic discipline that provides the student, the practitio-ner, and the researcher with the theoretical and appliedpsychological, physiological, and psychophysiological fun-damentals for a thorough understanding of PDD tests and theskills and qualification
42、s for conducting PDD examinations(see polygraphy).psychophysiological veracity (PV) examination, nseedefinition of PDDpsychophysiology, nthe study of interactions between men-tal and physiological processes.purposeful non-cooperation (PNC) , nA decision of PNCindicates that the polygraph examiner de
43、tected the examineeengaging in apparently motivated and repeated behaviorcontrary to the examiners instructions that interferes withthe protocol or physiological recordings.recognition test, na family of procedures that are basedexclusively on responses that are elicited by the examineesidentificati
44、on of crime-related stimuli that have been imbed-ded among irrelevant but similar stimuli. Among the morecommon recognition tests are: the Peak of Tension, Con-cealed Information Test, reaction time tests, saccadic eyemovement test, and evoked potentials P300 odd-ball para-digm tests. The acquaintan
45、ce (or stimulus) test could also beconsidered a recognition test. Recognition tests require thatthe test developer know the crime-related information so thatit can be determined whether the examinee also knows thisinformation. This limitation restricts the usefulness of rec-ognition tests to only th
46、ose circumstances. In contrast todeception tests, recognition tests are not designed to test forinvolvement in a crime, but only whether the examinee isfamiliar with the crime details.relevant question, na question that pertains directly to thematter under investigation or to the issue(s) for which
47、theexaminee is being tested.respiratory tracing, na display of physiological patterns ofthe subjects breathing activity as recorded by the pneumo-graph component.series, na collection of tests in which a common list ofquestions was used.response, na physiological change that occurs following,and is
48、attributable to, the presentation of an applied stimulus(for example, reviewed test question).single-issue polygraph test, na PDD test in which therelevant questions cover the exact same issue. To be asingle-issue polygraph test, the examinee must be able toanswer the relevant questions either all t
49、ruthfully, or alldeceptively. An example would be the single-issue ZoneComparison Test.successive hurdles approach, nused in multiple-issue test-ing, it is a process in which multiple broad areas are coveredtogether in a single PDD test, followed by tests of only thosewho have positive results with successively focused PDDtests. The benefit of the successive hurdles process is theefficient use of testing resources to deliver accuracy thatwould normally only be obtainable with several independentsingle-issue tests.spot s
