1、Designation: E2049 06 E2049 12Standard Guide forQuantitative Attribute Evaluation of Fragrance/Odors forShampoos and Hair Conditioners by Trained Assessors1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2049; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers standardized procedures for the quantitative sensory ass
3、essment of fragrance/odor intensity or attributeintensity of fragrances in shampoo or hair conditioner base through all stages of use (point of purchase, lather, in use, wet hair afterrinse, and dry hair) under laboratory conditions with trained assessors.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units ar
4、e to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard addresses the use of hair products and the equipment needed to use these products. This standard does notpurp
5、ort to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E253
6、 Terminology Relating to Sensory Evaluation of Materials and ProductsE1207 Guide for Sensory Evaluation of Axillary DeodorancyE1593 Guide for Assessing the Efficacy of Air Care Products in Reducing Sensorly Perceived Indoor Air Malodor IntensityE2082 Guide for Descriptive Analysis of Shampoo Perform
7、ance3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 assessor, na general term for any individual responding to a stimuli in a sensory test.3.1.2 subject, nan individual recruited to participate in a study to serve as a sample carrier, and to use, consume, or experiencethe test sample. The sample evaluation is c
8、ompleted by an assessor.3.1.3 hair swatches, nsample tresses of human hair that serve as sample carriers.4. Equipment4.1 The following equipment may be used during the preparation or evaluation processes, or both:4.1.1 Human Hair Swatches, prepared as described in 12.2,4.1.2 Aluminum Foil Sheets,4.1
9、.3 Beakers, 1000 mL,4.1.4 Blow Dryer, specifications should be documented (for example, wattage, voltage power level, air velocity, temperature),4.1.5 Combs,4.1.6 Glass or Plastic Bottles, 4 oz,oz (120 mL),4.1.7 Pipets,4.1.8 Scale,4.1.9 Towels, cloth or paper, or both,4.1.10 Unfragranced Shampoo Bas
10、e or Detergent,1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on Sensory Evaluationand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.07 on Personal Care andHousehold Evaluation.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2006Oct. 15, 2012. Published November 2006November 2012. Originally appr
11、oved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 19992006as E2049 99.E2049 06. DOI: 10.1520/E2049-06.10.1520/E2049-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer
12、to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all chang
13、es accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Uni
14、ted States14.1.11 Vinyl or Plastic Gloves, and4.1.12 Water (temperature and hardness should be consistent).5. Summary of PracticeGuide5.1 This guide provides a methodology for the identification, selection, and training of assessors for the evaluation of theintensity and duration of the odor/fragran
15、ce attributes of shampoos or hair conditioners, or both. This guide describes samplepreparation and evaluation techniques from containers (point of purchase), hair swatches, and whole heads. (Related materialsinclude Terminology E253, Guide E1593, Guide E2082, and MNL 26.3)6. Significance and Use6.1
16、 This guide can be used to quantitatively assess the intensity of specific attributes of hair fragrance.6.2 This guide may be utilized for product development, research guidance, and quality control.6.3 These are suggested procedures and are not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may effecti
17、vely provide the same orsimilar results.7. Selection of Subjects and AssessorsGeneral Requirements7.1 Assessors may be recruited within a company or from the local community. The choice to use employees allows a companyto have assessors on site and keep proprietary samples and information on site. T
18、he use of local community residents allows acompany to have a more dedicated and available panel, schedule more panel time, and provides a smaller risk of attrition, bothshort and long term, because of job commitments and other priorities.7.2 Candidates may beIf candidates are recruited from the loc
19、al community by community, recommendations include contactingcommunity groups or placing newspaper ads, or both. Candidates from within the company are contacted by interoffice memo,E-mail messages,groups, placing newspaper ads and an announcement on the recruiting companys website. If candidates ar
20、erecruited within the company, interoffice memos or emails, or notices posted on bulletin boards. It is usually the companys websiteor bulletin boards are effective. It is recommended to recruit more candidates than needed (50 to 75), since not all may qualify.7.3 During the recruitment phase, candi
21、dates should be informed of the time commitments for training, the potential durationof the panel, the panels use, and the need for a high level of personal commitment.7.4 A prescreening questionnaire is given to interested persons to determine availability, interest, general medical information,gen
22、eral knowledge, and awareness of and experience with odors. This questionnaire is used to eliminate unsuitable candidates.7.5 A medical history should be recorded and kept on file for each participant. For each test, all subjects and assessors shouldbe asked if their medical history has changed sinc
23、e they last participated in a hair-care product evaluation. The medical historyshould be updated as needed when there is a change in the physical condition or medication history of a returning subject orassessor. It is recommended that the form be approved by the companys human resources department.
24、7.6 Both assessors and subjects should display interest, cooperation, commitment, and punctuality in order to ensure maximumoperating efficiency.7.7 Assessors and subjects should refrain from smoking, the use of breath mints, toothpaste, mouth rinses and sprays, chewinggum, and from drinking caffein
25、ated beverages for at least 1 h prior to each test.7.8 Assessors and subjects should not use scented products such as perfume, aftershaves, bath oils, hair spray, hand and bodylotions, etc. prior to testing.7.9 Informed written consent shall be obtained from all subjects and assessors prior to their
26、 participation in a particular study.The consent form shall include the basic elements of informed consent as specified by the Federal Register (20 CFR 50.25).8. Selection of Subjects for Whole Head Evaluations8.1 The target population should be defined and subjects selected from this population in
27、a random, unbiased manner accordingto appropriate experimental design considerations.8.1.1 Defining the population includes determination of hair type and condition, scalp condition, gender, age, etc.8.2 Reasons for exclusion include extremes in hair condition that are not representative of the gene
28、ral population, hair type, etc.9. Screening of Assessors9.1 The objective is to select and train a panel to evaluate the odor of various shampoo and hair conditioner products fromcontainers or from human hair in various stages of use, or both.3 ASTM MNL 26, Sensory Testing Methods: Second Edition, A
29、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.E2049 1229.2 The prescreening phase of the selection process should yield a minimum of 20 to 30 candidates for further screening. Thesecandidates shall then participate in an odor acuity test phase consisting of
30、several parts. Candidates should be screened forqualitative olfactory discrimination ability, the ability to perform basic sensory tasks, and competency with the scaling methodused.9.3 Additionally, candidates should participate in acuity exercises and be screened for anosmias to any specific materi
31、als whichare routinely encountered in the product category and are relevant to the task at hand. (See Appendix X2.6.3 of Practice E1207for more details.)9.4 Each candidate is interviewed by the panel administrator or trainer to determine attitude, interest, and ability to learn andwork in a group, a
32、nd availability for orientation, practice, and panel sessions on an ongoing and routine basis.9.5 The selection process should embody the principles in STP 758.49.6 Select 15 to 20 assessors. The following criteria may be used as a guideline. Other approaches are described in MNL 135and STP 758.49.6
33、.1 Available for the orientation and training and practice sessions.9.6.2 No health-related problems which would interfere with the sense of smell. These would include serious allergies, sinusproblems, history of frequent sinus infections, or migraine headaches.9.6.3 Correct rating of 80 % or more o
34、f the scaling exercises in the prescreening questionnaire.9.6.4 Correct identification of 80 % or more of the odd samples in the triangle test series.9.6.5 Correct placement of 80 % or more of the samples in the intensity ranking exercises.9.6.6 Demonstration of good verbal skills, a high interest i
35、n the work, and a cooperative yet confident personality.10. Training of Assessors10.1 The panel trainer should have experience with appropriate sensory techniques, use of scales, training techniques, industrycredibility, good oral and written communication skills, and good problem-solving skills. Th
36、e trainer should also have experiencewith appropriate attributes, definitions, and qualitative references or standards for understanding each fragrance attribute.10.2 Training should include orientation to general concepts such as sample manipulation and rating scales, exposure to a rangeof samples
37、that represent a range of variability in sensory characteristics, and evaluation of several sample pairs representing largedifferences and small or no differences. Each assessor shall be able to identify samples as similar or identical when such is the caseand enumerate specific differences when the
38、y are known by the trainer to be present.10.3 For additional information on training see STP 7584 and MNL 13.511. Sample Preparation for Evaluation From Bottles (Point of Purchase)11.1 Obtain sufficient quantities of unfragranced and fragranced product base to complete the entire study. The actual p
39、roductbase shall be used to account for base odor contribution and base-fragrance interactions. The fragrance level shall be as intendedfor final use.11.2 Glass or plastic containers may be used as long as consistency is maintained throughout the study. Four-ounce bottles, filledapproximately 34 ful
40、l, will generally provide adequate sample and headspace. If plastic containers are used, they should representthe final packaging material, if possible.11.3 Fragrance oil should be added to the product base at the intended level, allowing adequate time for blending/aging. Ensurethat the fragrance ha
41、s gone into solution and is well blended. The fragranced product should be aged to the degree usually seenby consumers, or a minimum of one week.11.4 The color and physical characteristics of all samples should be consistent or presentation bottles shall mask any differences.11.5 Samples should be l
42、abeled with random identification numbers.12. Sample Preparation for Evaluation From Swatches12.1 Obtain sufficient quantities of unfragranced and fragranced product base to complete the entire study. The actual productbase shall be used to account for base odor contribution and base-fragrance inter
43、actions. The fragrance level shall be as intendedfor final use. Ensure that the fragrance has gone into solution and is well blended. The fragranced product should be aged to thedegree usually seen by consumers, or a minimum of one week.12.2 Obtain sufficient quantities of high-quality, odor-free ha
44、ir swatches for the entire study. The type of hair (dry, oily,Caucasian, Asian, etc.) shall be determined based on the type of product and its targeted market. All swatches should be the sameweight and length (5 to 10 g and 15 to 25 cm long).4 ASTM STP 758, Guidelines for the Selection and Training
45、of Sensory Panel Members, ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.5 ASTM MNL 13, Manual on Descriptive Analysis Testing for Sensory Evaluation, ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959.E2049 12312.3 Hair s
46、watches should be mounted to a plastic tab or other fastening device or tied at one end. Hair strands should all beoriented in the same direction (root to tip) to avoid swatch to swatch differences from frictional effects created by the cuticle scalesduring combing.12.4 Any residue should be removed
47、 by stripping the hair with either a standard unfragranced shampoo base or a detergentsolution (for example, 5 % T-laurylTEA-lauryl sulfate or 15 % sodium lauryl sulfate). Swatches should be washed 2 to 3 times oruntil they are odor free. The swatches should be dried at room temperature.12.5 The exa
48、ct number of times a hair swatch can be reused may vary, depending upon the quality of the swatch. One suggestionis to reuse the swatch 10 to 12 times for normal-hair shampoo studies and thereafter for damaged-hair studies. Hair shall bethoroughly cleaned between uses to render the swatches “odor fr
49、ee” as specified in 12.4.12.6 Odor-free vinyl or plastic gloves should be worn during the application process. A fresh pair should be used for eachtreatment.12.7 Wearing odor-free vinyl or plastic gloves, place the swatch on a 15 by 20 cm aluminum foil sheet and weigh the hair swatchwhile dry, to determine the precise amount of shampoo product needed for the test. The weight of the shampoo used should be5 to 20 % of the weight of the swatch. For example, if the dry hair weighs 10 g, use 0.5 to 2.0 g of shampoo. The recommendedamount for most shampoos is 1.0 g.12.8 The
