1、Designation: E 2060 06Standard Guide forUse of Coal Combustion Products for Solidification/Stabilization of Inorganic Wastes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers methods for selection and applicationof coal combustion products (CCPs) for use in th
3、e chemicalstabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. Theseelements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron,cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel, sele-nium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may beaccompanied by solidification of the waste treate
4、d. Solidifica-tion is not a requirement for the stabilization of many traceelements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and inreduced permeability of the stabilized waste.1.1.1 Solidification is an important factor in treatment ofwastes and especially wastewaters. Solidification/Stabilizati
5、on(S/S) technology is often used to treat wastes containing freeliquids. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizingagent without the addition of other materials; however, stabi-lization or chemical fixation may also be achieved by usingcombinations of CCPs and other products such as lime,
6、 limekiln dust, cement kiln dust, cement, and others. CCPs usedalone or in combination with other reagents promote stabiliza-tion of many inorganic constituents through a variety ofmechanisms. These mechanisms include precipitation as car-bonates, silicates, sulfates, and so forth; microencapsulatio
7、n ofthe waste particles through pozzolanic reactions; formation ofmetal precipitates; and formation of hydrated phases (1-4).2Long-term performance of the stabilized waste is an issue thatmust be addressed in considering any S/S technology. In thisguide, several tests are recommended to aid in evalu
8、ating thelong-term performance of the stabilized wastes.1.2 The CCPs that are suited to this application include flyash, spent dry scrubber sorbents, and certain advanced sulfurcontrol by-products from processes such as duct injection andfluidized-bed combustion (FBC).1.3 The wastes or wastewater, o
9、r both, containing theproblematic inorganic species will likely be highly variable, sothe chemical characteristics of the waste or wastewater to betreated must be determined and considered in the selection andapplication of any stabilizing agent, including CCPs. In anywaste stabilization process, la
10、boratory-scale tests for compat-ibility between the candidate waste or wastewater for stabili-zation with one or more selected CCPs and final waste stabilityare recommended prior to full-scale application of the stabi-lizing agent.1.4 This guide does not intend to recommend full-scaleprocesses or pr
11、ocedures for waste stabilization. Full-scaleprocesses should be designed and carried out by qualifiedscientists, engineers, and environmental professionals. It isrecommended that stabilized materials generated at the full-scale stabilization site be subjected to testing to verify labora-tory test re
12、sults.1.5 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a componentof a pollution prevention program; Guide E 1609 describespollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization ofCCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, andenergy.1.6 This guide applies only to CCPs produced primar
13、ilyfrom the combustion of coal. It does not apply to ash or othercombustion products derived from the burning of waste;municipal, industrial, or commercial garbage; sewage sludge orother refuse, or both; derived fuels; wood waste products; ricehulls; agricultural waste; or other noncoal fuels.1.7 Re
14、gulations governing the use of CCPs vary by state.The user of this guide has the responsibility to determine andcomply with applicable regulations.1.8 It is recommended that work performed under this guidebe designed and carried out by qualified scientists, engineers,and environmental professionals.
15、1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management, and Corrective Action and is the direct responsi-bility of Subcommittee E50.03 on Pollution Prevention/Beneficial Use.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published October 2006. Originallyappro
16、ved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as F 2060 00.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthe text.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.9 This standard does not pu
17、rport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C
18、114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC 400 Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime forNeutralization of Waste AcidD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD 422 Test Method f
19、or Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 558 Test Methods for Moisture-Density (Unit Weight)Relations of Soil-Cement MixturesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by the Sand-Cone MethodD 1633 Test Method for Compressiv
20、e Strength of MoldedSoil-Cement CylindersD 1635 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Soil-CementUsing Simple Beam with Third-Point LoadingD 2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strengthof Cohesive SoilD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Ro
21、ck by MassD 2922 Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)D 2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by theDrive-Cylinder MethodD 3441 Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Testsof SoilD 3877 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion,
22、Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime MixturesD 3987 Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Wastewith WaterD 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD 4842 Test Method for Determining the Resistance ofSolid Wastes to Freezing and ThawingD 4843 Test Met
23、hod for Wetting and Drying Test of SolidWastesD 4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsD 5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD 5239 Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in SoilStabilizationE 1609 Guide for Develop
24、ment and Implementation of aPollution Prevention Program3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions are in accordance with TerminologyD 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 advanced sulfur control (ASC) productsby-productsgenerated from advanced coal conversion technologi
25、es includ-ing FBC and gasification and by-products from advancedenvironmental emissions cleanup technologies such as ductinjection and lime injection multiphase burners (LIMB).3.2.2 baghousea facility constructed at some coal-firedpower plants consisting of fabric filter bags that mechanicallytrap p
26、articulates (fly ash) carried in the flue gases.3.2.3 beneficial useprojects promoting public health andenvironmental protection, offering equivalent success relativeto other alternatives, and preserving natural resources.3.2.4 BDATbest demonstrated available technology.3.2.5 boiler slaga molten ash
27、 collected at the base of slagtap and cyclone boilers that is quenched in a water-filledhopper and shatters into black, angular particles having asmooth, glassy appearance.3.2.6 bottom ashagglomerated ash particles formed inpulverized coal boilers that are too large to be carried in theflue gases an
28、d impinge on the boiler walls or fall through opengrates to an ash hopper at the bottom of the boiler. Bottom ashis typically grey-to-black in color, is quite angular, and has aporous surface texture.3.2.7 coal combustion productsfly ash, bottom ash, boilerash, or flue gas desulfurization (FGD) mate
29、rial resulting fromthe combustion of coal.3.2.8 DSCdifferential scanning calorimetry.3.2.9 DTAdifferential thermal analysis.3.2.10 DTGdifferential thermal gravimetry.3.2.11 electrostatic precipitatora facility constructed atsome coal-fired power plants to remove particulate matter (flyash) from the
30、flue gas by producing an electric charge on theparticles to be collected and then propelling the chargedparticles by electrostatic forces to collecting curtains.3.2.12 encapsulationcomplete coating or enclosure of atoxic particle by an additive so as to sequester that particlefrom any environmental
31、receptors that may otherwise havebeen negatively impacted by that particle.3.2.13 ettringitea mineral with the nominal compositionCa6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 26H2O. Ettringite is also the familyname for a series of related compounds, known as a mineralgroup or family, which includes the following minerals (1
32、):Ettringite Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 26H2OCharlesite Ca6(Si,Al)2(SO4)2(BOH4)(OH)12 26H2OSturmanite Ca6Fe2(SO4)2(BOH4)(OH)12 26H2OThaumasite Ca6Si2(SO4)2(CO3)2(OH)12 24H2OJouravskite Ca6Mn2(SO4)2(CO3)2(OH)12 24H2OBentorite Ca6(Cr,Al)2(SO4)3(OH)12 26H2O3.2.14 flue gas desulfurization materiala by-product o
33、fthe removal of the sulfur gases from the flue gases, typicallyusing a high-calcium sorbent such as lime or limestone.Sodium-based sorbents are also used in some systems. The3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
34、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E2060062three primary types of FGD processes commonly used byutilities are wet scrubbers, dry scrubbers, and sorbent injection.The physical nature of these by-products varies from a wet,t
35、hixotropic sludge to a dry powdered material, depending onthe process.3.2.15 fly ashcoal ash that exits a combustion chamber inthe flue gas. Coal fly ashes are typically pozzolans. Some coalfly ashes also exhibit self-hardening properties in the presenceof moisture.3.2.16 pozzolanssiliceous or silic
36、eous and aluminous ma-terials that in themselves possess little or no cementitious valuebut will, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture,chemically react with calcium hydroxides at ordinary tempera-tures to form compounds possessing cementitious properties.3.2.17 S/Ssolidification/st
37、abilization.3.2.18 stabilization or fixationimmobilization of undesir-able constituents to limit their introduction into the environ-ment. Toxic components are immobilized by treating themchemically to form insoluble compounds.3.2.19 solidificationthe conversion of soils, liquids, orsludges into a s
38、olid, structurally sound material for disposal oruse, typically referring to attainment of 50 psi or strength ofsurrounding soil.3.2.20 XRDx-ray diffraction.4. Significance and Use4.1 GeneralCCPs can have chemical and mineralogicalcompositions that are conducive to use in the chemicalstabilization o
39、f trace elements in wastes and wastewater. Theseelements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron,cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel, sele-nium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may beaccompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidifica-tion is not
40、 a requirement for the stabilization of many traceelements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and inreduced permeability of the stabilized waste. This guideaddresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing agent withoutaddition of other materials. S/S is considered the BDAT for thedisposal of som
41、e wastes that contain metals since they cannotbe destroyed by other means (2).4.1.1 Advantages of Using CCPsAdvantages of usingCCPs for waste stabilization include their ready availability inhigh volumes, generally good product consistency from onesource, and easy handling. CCPs vary depending on th
42、ecombustion or emission control process and the coal orsorbents used, or both, and CCPs contain trace elements,although usually at very low concentrations. CCPs are gener-ally an environmentally suitable materials option for wastestabilization, but the compatibility of a specific CCP must beevaluate
43、d with individual wastes or wastewater throughlaboratory-scale tests followed by full-scale demonstration andfield verification. CCPs suitable for this chemical stabilizationhave the ability to incorporate large amounts of free water intohydration products. CCPs that exhibit high pHs (11.5) offeradv
44、antages in stabilizing trace elements that exist as oxyanionsin nature (such as arsenic, boron, chromium, molybdenum,selenium, and vanadium) and trace elements that form oxyhy-droxides or low-solubility precipitates at high pH (such as lead,cadmium, barium, and zinc). Additionally, CCPs that exhibit
45、cementitious properties offer advantages in solidifying CCP-waste mixtures as a result of the hydration reactions of theCCP. These same hydration reactions frequently result in theformation of mineral phases that stabilize or chemically fix thetrace elements of concern.4.2 Chemical/Mineralogical Com
46、positionSince CCPs areproduced under conditions of high temperature, reactions withwater during contact with water or aqueous solutions can beexpected. Mineral formation may contribute to the chemicalfixation and/or solidification achieved in the waste stabilizationprocess. One example of this type
47、of chemical fixation isachieved by ettringite formation. Reduced leachability ofseveral trace elements has been correlated with ettringiteformation in hydrated high-calcium CCPs typically from U.S.lignite and subbituminous coal, FGD materials, and ASCby-products. These materials are the best general
48、 candidatesfor use in this chemical fixation process. Lower-calcium CCPsmay also be effective with addition of a calcium source thatmaintains the pH above 11.5. Ettringite forms as a result ofhydration of many high-calcium CCPs, so adequate water mustbe available for the reaction to occur. The miner
49、al andamorphous phases of CCPs contribute soluble elements re-quired for ettringite formation, and the ettringite formation ratecan vary based on the mineral and amorphous phase compo-sitions.4.3 Environmental Considerations:4.3.1 Regulatory Framework:4.3.1.1 FederalIn 1999, EPA completed a two-phasedstudy of CCPs for the U.S. Congress as required by the BevillAmendment to RCRA. At the conclusion of the first phase in1993, EPA issued a formal regulatory determination that thecharacteristics and management of the four large-volume fossilfuel combustio
